Single-phase surgical procedure for creating a pneumostoma to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ABSTRACT

A single-phase surgical procedure is disclosed for creating a pneumostoma to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In a single-phase technique the pleurodesis is formed at the same time as the pneumostoma and does not require a separate step. The thoracic cavity is accessed to visualize the lung, the pneumostomy catheter is inserted into the lung and then the lung is secured to the channel through the chest wall creating a sealed anastomosis which matures into a pleurodesis after the procedure.

CLAIM TO PRIORITY

This application claims priority to all of the following applicationsincluding: U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/029,830, filed Feb. 19,2008, entitled “ENHANCED PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT DEVICE AND METHODS FORTREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/032,877, filed Feb. 29, 2008,entitled “PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR TREATMENT OFCHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/038,371, filed Mar. 20, 2008,entitled “SURGICAL PROCEDURE AND INSTRUMENT TO CREATE A PNEUMOSTOMA ANDTREAT CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/082,892, filed Jul. 23, 2008,entitled “PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HAVING A COSMETIC AND/ORPROTECTIVE COVER”;

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/083,573, filed Jul. 25, 2008,entitled “DEVICES AND METHODS FOR DELIVERY OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENTTHROUGH A PNEUMOSTOMA”;

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/084,559, filed Jul. 29, 2008,entitled “ASPIRATOR FOR PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT”;

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/088,118, filed Aug. 12, 2008,entitled “FLEXIBLE PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHODS FORTREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/143,298, filed Jan. 8, 2009,entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR THE CRYOTHERAPY CREATION ORRE-CREATION OF PNEUMOSTOMY”; and

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/151,581, filed Feb. 11, 2009,entitled “SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES TO CREATE A PNEUMOSTOMAAND TREAT CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”.

All of the afore-mentioned applications are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to all of the above provisional applicationsand all the patent applications that claim priority thereto including:

This application is related to all of the following applicationsincluding U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,465, filed Feb. 18,2009, entitled “ENHANCED PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT DEVICE AND METHODS FORTREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,447, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR TREATMENT OFCHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,451, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONICOBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,435, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “TWO-PHASE SURGICAL PROCEDURE FOR CREATING A PNEUMOSTOMA TOTREAT CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,438, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “ACCELERATED TWO-PHASE SURGICAL PROCEDURE FOR CREATING APNEUMOSTOMA TO TREAT CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,446, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “PERCUTANEOUS SINGLE-PHASE SURGICAL PROCEDURE FOR CREATING APNEUMSOTOMA TO TREAT CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,460, filed Feb. 13, 2009,entitled “PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HAVING A COSMETIC AND/ORPROTECTIVE COVER”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,455, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “DEVICES AND METHODS FOR DELIVERY OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENTTHROUGH A PNEUMOSTOMA”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,461, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “ASPIRATOR FOR PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,462, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “ASPIRATOR AND METHOD FOR PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,458, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “FLEXIBLE PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHODS FORTREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,459, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “METHODS AND DEVICES FOR FOLLOW-UP CARE AND TREATMENT OF APNEUMOSTOMA”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,453, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS FOR CREATING A PNEUMOSTOMA AND TREATINGCHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,466, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “ONE-PIECE PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHODS FORTREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,467, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH SECRETION MANAGEMENTFEATURES FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,468, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “MULTI-LAYER PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHODS FORTREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,469, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “VARIABLE LENGTH PNEUMOSTOMA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OFCHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE”;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,470, filed Feb. 18, 2009,entitled “SELF-SEALING DEVICE AND METHOD FOR DELIVERY OF A THERAPEUTICAGENT THROUGH A PNEUMOSTOMA”.

All of the afore-mentioned applications are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties. This patent application also incorporatesby reference all patents, applications, and articles discussed and/orcited herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the United States alone, approximately 14 million people suffer fromsome form of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However anadditional ten million adults have evidence of impaired lung functionindicating that COPD may be significantly underdiagnosed. The cost ofCOPD to the nation in 2002 was estimated to be $32.1 billion. Medicareexpenses for COPD beneficiaries were nearly 2.5 times that of theexpenditures for all other patients. Direct medical services accountedfor $18.0 billion, and indirect cost of morbidity and prematuremortality was $14.1 billion. COPD is the fourth leading cause of deathin the U.S. and is projected to be the third leading cause of death forboth males and females by the year 2020.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease ofthe airways that is characterized by a gradual loss of lung function. Inthe United States, the term COPD includes chronic bronchitis, chronicobstructive bronchitis, and emphysema, or combinations of theseconditions. In emphysema the alveoli walls of the lung tissue areprogressively weakened and lose their elastic recoil. The breakdown oflung tissue causes progressive loss of elastic recoil and the loss ofradial support of the airways which traps residual air in the lung. Thisincreases the work of exhaling and leads to hyperinflation of the lung.When the lungs become hyperinflated, forced expiration cannot reduce theresidual volume of the lungs because the force exerted to empty thelungs collapses the small airways and blocks air from being exhaled. Asthe disease progresses, the inspiratory capacity and air exchangesurface area of the lungs is reduced until air exchange becomesseriously impaired and the individual can only take short shallowlabored breaths (dyspnea).

The symptoms of COPD can range from the chronic cough and sputumproduction of chronic bronchitis to the severe disabling shortness ofbreath of emphysema. In some individuals, chronic cough and sputumproduction are the first signs that they are at risk for developing theairflow obstruction and shortness of breath characteristic of COPD. Withcontinued exposure to cigarettes or noxious particles, the diseaseprogresses and individuals with COPD increasingly lose their ability tobreathe. Acute infections or certain weather conditions may temporarilyworsen symptoms (exacerbations), occasionally where hospitalization maybe required. In others, shortness of breath may be the first indicationof the disease. The diagnosis of COPD is confirmed by the presence ofairway obstruction on testing with spirometry. Ultimately, severeemphysema may lead to severe dyspnea, severe limitation of dailyactivities, illness and death.

There is no cure for COPD or pulmonary emphysema, only varioustreatments, for ameliorating the symptoms. The goal of currenttreatments is to help people live with the disease more comfortably andto prevent the progression of the disease. The current options include:self-care (e.g., quitting smoking), medications (such as bronchodilatorswhich do not address emphysema physiology), long-term oxygen therapy,and surgery (lung transplantation and lung volume reduction surgery).Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS) is an invasive procedure primarilyfor patients who have a localized (heterogeneous) version of emphysema;in which, the most diseased area of the lung is surgically removed toallow the remaining tissue to work more efficiently. Patients withdiffuse emphysema cannot be treated with LVRS, and typically only havelung transplantation as an end-stage option. However, many patients arenot candidates for such a taxing procedure.

A number of less-invasive surgical methods have been proposed forameliorating the symptoms of COPD. In one approach new windows areopened inside the lung to allow air to more easily escape from thediseased tissue into the natural airways. These windows are kept openwith permanently implanted stents. Other approaches attempt to seal offand shrink portions of the hyperinflated lung using chemical treatmentsand/or implantable plugs. However, these proposals remain significantlyinvasive and are still in clinical trails in 2008. None of the surgicalapproaches to treatment of COPD is widely accepted. Therefore, a largeunmet need remains for a medical procedure that can sufficientlyalleviate the debilitating effects of COPD and emphysema.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the disadvantages of the state of the art, Applicants havedeveloped a method for treating COPD in which an artificial passagewayis made through the chest wall into the lung. An anastomosis is formedbetween the artificial passageway and the lung by creating a seal,adhesion and/or pleurodesis between the visceral and parietal membranessurrounding the passageway as it enters the lung. The seal, adhesionand/or pleurodesis prevent air from entering the pleural cavity andcausing a pneumothorax (deflation of the lung due to air pressure in thepleural cavity). The pleurodesis is stabilized by a fibrotic healingresponse between the membranes. The artificial passageway through thechest wall also becomes epithelialized. The result is a stableartificial aperture through the chest wall which communicates with theparenchymal tissue of the lung.

The artificial aperture into the lung through the chest wall is referredto herein as a pneumostoma. A pneumostoma provides an extra pathway thatallows air to exit the lung while bypassing the natural airways whichhave been impaired by COPD and emphysema. By providing this ventilationbypass, the pneumostoma allows the stale air trapped in the lung toescape from the lung thereby shrinking the lung (reducinghyperinflation). By shrinking the lung, the ventilation bypass reducesbreathing effort (reducing dyspnea), allows more fresh air to be drawnin through the natural airways and increases the effectiveness of all ofthe tissues of the lung for gas exchange. Increasing the effectivenessof gas exchange allows for increased absorption of oxygen into thebloodstream and also increased removal of carbon dioxide from thebloodstream. Reducing the amount of carbon dioxide retained in the lungreduces hypercapnia which also reduces dyspnea. The pneumostoma therebyachieves the advantages of lung volume reduction surgery withoutsurgically removing a portion of the lung or sealing off a portion ofthe lung.

Pneumonostomy is a general term for the surgical creation of anartificial opening into the pleural cavity or lung such as for drainageof an abscess. The procedure for creating a pneumostoma is a type ofpneumonostomy. However, to differentiate it from other types ofpneumonostomy procedures, the term pneumostomy will be used herein torefer to procedures for creating a pneumostoma.

In accordance with embodiments, the present invention provides surgicaltechniques, procedures and instruments for pneumostomy.

In accordance with one embodiment, the present invention provides atwo-phase pneumostomy technique in which a pleurodesis is created in afirst procedure and a pneumostoma is created as a second procedure aftera delay for creation of the pleurodesis.

In accordance with one embodiment, the present invention provides anaccelerated two-phase pneumostomy technique in which a pleurodesis iscreated acutely at the first phase of a procedure and a pneumostoma iscreated as a second phase of the same procedure after creation of thepleurodesis.

In accordance with one embodiment, the present invention provides asingle-phase pneumostomy technique for creating a pneumostoma in which apleurodesis and a pneumostoma are created concurrently.

In accordance with specific embodiments, the present invention providesminimally-invasive approaches for performing a pneumostomy.

In accordance with specific embodiments, the present invention providesa percutaneous approach for performing a pneumostomy.

In accordance with specific embodiments, the present invention providesa mini-thoracotomy approach for performing a pneumostomy.

In accordance with specific embodiments, the present invention providesan intercostal approach for performing a pneumostomy.

In accordance with specific embodiments, the present invention providesperioperative procedures associated with performing pneumostomy.

Thus, various pneumostomy techniques, procedures and instruments areprovided for creating a pneumostoma and thereby treating COPD. Otherobjects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent fromdrawings and detailed description to follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further features, advantages and benefits of the presentinvention will be apparent upon consideration of the present descriptiontaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1A shows the chest of a patient indicating alternative locationsfor pneumostoma that may be created using pneumostomy procedures andsurgical tools of the present invention.

FIG. 1B shows a sectional view of the chest illustrating therelationship between the pneumostoma, lung and natural airways.

FIG. 1C shows a detailed sectional view of the pneumostoma.

FIG. 2 shows the general steps for pneumostomy in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A-3C show views of a pneumostomy catheter for use in pneumostomyprocedures in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 3D-3E show views of an alternative pneumostomy catheter assembledwith a percutaneous insertion tool for use in pneumostomy procedures inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3F shows a sectional view of an alternative component of thepneumostomy catheters of FIGS. 3A-3E.

FIG. 3G shows a section view of the tip of an alternative pneumostomycatheter in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4A shows the steps of a two-phase pneumostomy technique inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4B-4C illustrate the first phase of the two-phase pneumostomytechnique of FIG. 4A.

FIGS. 4D-4E illustrate the second phase of the two-phase pneumostomytechnique of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4F illustrates an optional step of the second phase of thetwo-phase pneumostomy technique of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5A shows the steps of an accelerated two-phase pneumostomytechnique in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5B illustrates the first part of the procedure of the acceleratedtwo-phase pneumostomy technique of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 5C illustrates the second part of the procedure of the acceleratedtwo-phase pneumostomy technique of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6A shows the steps of a single-phase pneumostomy technique inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6B-6C illustrate steps of the single-phase pneumostomy techniqueof FIG. 6A.

FIG. 7A shows the steps of a percutaneous single-phase pneumostomytechnique in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 7B-7C illustrate steps of the percutaneous single-phasepneumostomy technique of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7D illustrates a lung retraction instrument for use in apneumostomy procedure in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7E illustrates a lung anchor for use in a pneumostomy procedure inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 7F-7H illustrate a lung anchor and applicator for use inpneumostomy procedures in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show use of a pneumostoma management device afterremoval of a pneumostomy catheter in accordance with any one of theabove procedures.

FIGS. 9A-9G show alternative pneumostomy instruments and accessories foruse in pneumostomy procedures in accordance with embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 10A-10F show views of an alternate pneumostomy instrument for usein pneumostomy procedures in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 11A-11C show views of a percutaneous insertion instrument for usein pneumostomy procedures in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 12A-12E show views of an external support for a pneumostomyinstrument in accordance with embodiments of the present invention

FIGS. 13A-13C show steps for pneumostomy procedures in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following description is of the best modes presently contemplatedfor practicing various embodiments of the present invention. Thedescription is not to be taken in a limiting sense but is made merelyfor the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention.The scope of the invention should be ascertained with reference to theclaims. In the description of the invention that follows, like numeralsor reference designators will be used to refer to like parts or elementsthroughout. In addition, the first digit of a reference numberidentifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.

Pneumostoma Anatomy

FIG. 1A shows the chest of patient indicating alternative locations forcreating a pneumostoma that may be managed using the system and methodsof the present invention. A first pneumostoma 110 is shown on the frontof the chest 100 over the right lung 101 (shown in dashed lines). Thepneumostoma is preferably positioned over the second or thirdintercostal space on the mid-clavicular line. Thus the pneumostoma 110is located on the front of the chest between the second and third orthird and fourth ribs. Although the pneumostoma 110 is preferablylocated between two ribs, in alternative procedures a pneumostoma canalso be prepared using a minithoracotomy with a rib resection.

In FIG. 1A a second pneumostoma 112 is illustrated in a lateral positionentering the left lung 103 (shown in dashed lines). The pneumostoma 112is preferably positioned over the second, third, fourth or fifthintercostal space on the mid-axillary line under the arm 104. In FIG. 1Aa third pneumostoma 114 is illustrated on the front of the chest overthe left lung 103 (shown in dashed lines). The pneumostoma 114 is ovalrather than round which allows a larger cross-section for thepneumostoma while still fitting within the intercostal space. Ingeneral, one pneumostoma per lung is created; however, more or less thanone pneumostoma per lung may be created depending upon the needs of thepatient. In most humans, the lobes of the lung are not completelyseparate and air may pass between the lobes. Although the pneumostoma112 and 114 are preferably located between two ribs, in alternativeprocedures a pneumostoma can also be prepared using a minithoracotomywith a rib resection.

A pneumostoma is surgically created by forming an artificial channelthrough the chest wall and joining that channel with an opening throughthe visceral membrane of the lung into parenchymal tissue of the lung.The joining of two separate hollow cavities, vessels or organs to form acontinuous channel is termed anastomosis. In this case the anastomosisis the joining of the artificial channel and the opening in the visceralmembrane. Anastomosis seals the channel from the pleural cavity and canbe achieved using adhesives, mechanical sealing and/or pleurodesis.General methods for forming the channel, forming the opening,anastomosis and pleurodesis are disclosed in applicant's pending andissued patents and applications including U.S. patent application Ser.No. 10/881,408 entitled “Methods and Devices to Accelerate Wound Healingin Thoracic Anastomosis Applications” and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/030,006 entitled “Variable Parietal/Visceral Pleural Coupling”which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIG. 1B shows a sectional view of chest 100 illustrating the position ofthe pneumostoma 110 relative to the lung and natural airways. Theparenchymal tissue 132 of the lung 130 is comprised principally ofalveoli 134. The alveoli 134 are the thin walled air-filled sacs inwhich gas exchange takes place. Air flows into the lungs through thenatural airways including the trachea 136, carina 137, and bronchi 138.Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into a multiplicity of smallervessels referred to as bronchioles (not shown). Typically, there aremore than one million bronchioles in each lung. Each bronchiole connectsa cluster of alveoli to the natural airways. As illustrated in FIG. 1B,pneumostoma 110 comprises a channel through the thoracic wall 106 of thechest 100 between two ribs 107. Pneumostoma 110 opens at an aperture 126through the skin 114 of chest 100. Aperture 126 may be round, oval oranother suitable shape that allows air flow while fitting within adesirable anatomical position.

FIG. 1C shows a detailed sectional view of the pneumostoma 110 and thetissue of the lung 130. As illustrated in FIG. 1C, the thoracic wall 106is lined with the parietal membrane 108. The surface of the lung 130 iscovered with a continuous sac called the visceral membrane 138. Theparietal membrane 108 and visceral membrane 138 are often referred tocollectively as the pleural membranes. Between the parietal membrane 108and visceral membrane 138 is the pleural cavity (pleural space) 140. Thepleural cavity usually only contains a thin film of fluid that serves asa lubricant between the lungs and the chest wall. As illustrated in FIG.1C, pneumostoma 110 comprises a channel 120 through the thoracic wall106 of the chest 100 between the ribs 107. The channel 120 is joined tocavity 122 in the parenchymal tissue 132 of lung 130. Although shown inFIG. 1C, having a particular shape, the channel 120 and cavity 122 willtypically conform to the shape of a device inserted into the pneumostoma110. The channel 120 may be round, oval or another suitable shape thatallows air flow while fitting within a desirable anatomical position. Anadhesion or pleurodesis 124 surrounds the channel 120 where it entersthe lung 130. In pleurodesis 124 the pleural membranes are fused and/oradhered to one another eliminating the space between the pleuralmembranes in that region.

An important feature of pneumostoma 110 is the seal or adhesionsurrounding the channel 120 where it enters the lung 130 which maycomprise a pleurodesis 124. Pleurodesis 124 is the fusion or adhesion ofthe parietal membrane 108 and visceral membrane 138. A pleurodesis maybe a complete pleurodesis in which the entire pleural cavity 140 isremoved by fusion of the visceral membrane 138 with the parietalmembrane 108 over the entire surface of the lung 130. However, as shownin FIG. 1C, the pleurodesis is preferably localized to the regionsurrounding the channel 120. The pleurodesis 124 surrounding the channel120 prevents air from entering the pleural cavity 140. If air ispermitted to enter pleural cavity 140, a pneumothorax will result andthe lung 130 may collapse.

When formed, pneumostoma 110 provides an extra pathway for exhaled airto exit the lung 130 reducing residual volume and intra-thoracicpressure without the air passing through the major natural airways suchas the bronchi 138 and trachea 136. Collateral ventilation isparticularly prevalent in an emphysemous lung because of thedeterioration of lung tissue caused by emphysema. Collateral ventilationis the term given to leakage of air through the connective tissuebetween the alveoli 134. Collateral ventilation may include leakage ofair through pathways that include the interalveolar pores of Kohn,bronchiole-alveolar communications of Lambert, and interbronchiolarpathways of Martin. This air typically becomes trapped in the lung andcontributes to hyperinflation. In lungs that have been damaged by COPDand emphysema, the resistance to flow in collateral channels (not shown)of the parenchymal tissue 132 is reduced allowing collateral ventilationto increase. Air from alveoli 134 of parenchymal tissue 132 that passesinto collateral pathways of lung 130 is collected in cavity 122 ofpneumostoma 110. Pneumostoma 110 thus makes use of collateralventilation to collect air in cavity 122 and vent the air outside thebody via channel 120 reducing residual volume and intra-thoracicpressure and bypassing the natural airways which have been impaired byCOPD and emphysema.

By providing this ventilation bypass, the pneumostoma allows stale airtrapped in the parenchymal tissue 132 to escape from the lung 130. Thisreduces the residual volume and intra-thoracic pressure. The lowerintra-thoracic pressure reduces the dynamic collapse of airways duringexhalation. By allowing the airways to remain patent during exhalation,labored breathing (dyspnea) and residual volume (hyperinflation) areboth reduced. Pneumostoma 110 not only provides an extra pathway thatallows air to exit the lung 130 but also allows more fresh air to bedrawn in through the natural airways. This increases the effectivenessof all of the tissues of the lung 130 and improves gas exchange.Increasing the effectiveness of gas exchange allows for increasedabsorption of oxygen into the bloodstream and also increased removal ofcarbon dioxide from the bloodstream. Reducing the amount of carbondioxide retained in the lung reduces hypercapnia which also reducesdyspnea. Pneumostoma 110 thus achieves many of the advantages sought bylung volume reduction surgery without surgically removing, disablingand/or sealing off a portion of the lung.

Applicants have found that pneumostomy procedures carried out with thetechniques, procedures, and instruments of the present invention aredesirable to create the pneumostoma. The pneumostomy procedures may alsoadvantageously utilize one or more of the associated kits andperioperative methods described herein.

Perioperative Procedure & General Procedure

FIG. 2 provides a flowchart illustrating the general steps of apneumostomy procedure 200 including diagnosis, scanning, pneumostomy andperioperative procedures.

The first step 202 of the procedure is functional testing and diagnosis.Preliminary diagnosis of COPD is considered where a patient has symptomsof a chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea (difficult or laboredbreathing) and a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease—themost significant risk factor being a history of smoking. Clinicaldiagnosis of COPD requires confirmation by pulmonary function testing.

There are four components to pulmonary function testing: spirometry,post-bronchodilator spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity.Spirometry is the most reliable way to determine reversible airwayobstruction. Spirometry is therefore often performed to assessprogression of disease and to determine the effectiveness of medication.Spirometry measures the amount of air entering and leaving the lungsusing a spirometry machine. The patient inhales as deeply as possibleand then exhales, as forcefully and rapidly as they can into a port inthe machine. The machine measures airflow that passes through the port.Usually, several exhalations are measured. The machine provides severalmetrics. They are expressed as percentages of what is predicted fornormal lung function. Those most commonly used diagnostics of COPD are(1) forced expiratory volume after 1 second [FEV1], (2) forced vitalcapacity [FVC], and (3) forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% of maximallung volume [FEF25-75]. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) also can beobtained. PEFR can be compared with readings the patient obtains at homewith a peak flow meter.

In a patient with COPD, the amount of air exhaled (forced vitalcapacity, or FVC) is reduced, compared to a person with normal lungfunction. Furthermore, the amount of air exhaled during the initial 1second (FEV1) is reduced and is reduced to a greater degree than theentire FVC. Therefore, the ratio of air exhaled after 1 second is lowcompared to the total amount of air exhaled. In healthy lungs, 70%-75%of all the air exhaled after maximum inhalation (FVC) is exhaled withinthe first second (FEV1), known as the FEV1/FVC ratio. In lungs withCOPD, the FEV1/FVC ratio falls below 70%-75%. The absolute value of theFEV1 is also reduced and the extent of the reduction in FEV1 is used toquantify the severity of obstruction. FEV1<70% of what is predicted forage, height, weight and race is considered mild COPD; <50% to 69%,moderate COPD; <35%-49%, severe COPD; and <35%, very severe COPD.

Post-bronchodilator Spirometry uses the same spirometry testing aftergiving the patient a bronchodilator, such as an inhaled beta-agonist.This procedure provides information regarding whether the airwayobstruction is reversible and the potential responsiveness of theairways to medication. It is also useful for determining whether steroidtreatment has been beneficial, a few weeks after initiating therapy.

Lung volumes are measured in two ways, gas dilution or bodyplethysmography. The gas dilution method is performed after the patientinhales a gas, such as nitrogen or helium. The amount of volume in whichthe gas is distributed is used to calculate the volume of air the lungscan hold. Body plethysmography requires the patient to sit in anairtight chamber (usually transparent to prevent claustrophobia) andinhale and exhale into a tube. The pressure changes in theplethysmograph are used to calculate the volumes of air in the lungs.The most important lung volume measurements obtained are residual volumeand total lung capacity (TLC). These measurements vary with age, height,weight, and race and are usually expressed as an absolute number and apercentage of what is predicted for a person with normal lung function.A high TLC demonstrates hyperinflation of the lungs, which is consistentwith emphysema. Increased residual volume signifies air trapping. Thisdemonstrates an obstruction to exhalation.

Blood gas analysis determines the effectiveness of gas exchange in thelungs by observing concentrations in the blood. Various non-invasiveoxymetric methods may be used for measuring blood gas concentrations.Alternatively, arterial blood can be drawn and analyzed. Arterial bloodgases are measured to determine the amount of oxygen dissolved in theblood (pO2), the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen (O2sat), the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood (pCO2), andthe amount of acid in the blood pH. The carbon dioxide and oxygenmeasures may be used to determine whether a patient needs oxygentherapy. Gas exchange can also be measured using diffusion capacitywhich is a measurement of gases transferred from the alveoli to thecapillary. Diffusion capacity is measured by examining the uptake of avery small amount of inhaled carbon monoxide. A reduced diffusioncapacity is consistent with emphysema.

Referring again to FIG. 2, lung scanning at step 204 may be used toconfirm the diagnosis of COPD developed during the functional testingstep 202. The CT scan may be useful to more accurately diagnoseemphysema. This is usually not necessary, however, and abnormal lunganatomy is not always detected. The development of multi-channel CTscanning allows for the quantitative assessment of both the airway andparenchymal processes. CT scanning is also useful to provided images ofthe lung as an aid to the planning of surgical interventions such aspneumostomy. Lung scanning such as CT scanning may also be used toassess collateral ventilation in the lung including the extent ofcollateral ventilation both within and between lobes of the lung. Theresults of the pneumostomy procedure are improved by placing thepneumostoma in a region of high collateral ventilation. Thus, the extentof collateral ventilation observed by lung scanning may be used todetermine the patients that will benefit most of pneumostomy and thebest placement of a pneumostoma in a particular patient. Lung scanningis therefore typically performed to confirm the COPD diagnosis anddetermine a suitable placement for the pneumostoma.

Based upon the functional testing and lung imaging, it may be determinedat step 206 whether a particular patient meets the criteria forpneumostoma creation. As a general rule, pneumostoma creation issuitable for patients with COPD that is not reversible usingpharmaceuticals and pulmonary rehabilitation therapy. Pneumostomy willbe most advantageous for patients with severe and very severe COPD asindicated by functional testing though patients with moderate COPD mayalso benefit. The general health of the patient and their ability totolerate the procedure should also be taken into account.

For patients who will benefit from pneumostomy, several weeks ofpulmonary rehabilitation therapy 208 should be performed before theprocedure. Pulmonary rehabilitation therapy 208 combines exercisetraining and behavioral and educational programs designed to helppatients with COPD control symptoms and improve day-to-day activities.The main goals of pulmonary rehabilitation therapy are to help patientsimprove their lung health and function. Pulmonary rehabilitation mayreduce and control breathing difficulties and other symptoms; providecoping strategies and maintain healthy behaviors such as smokingcessation, good nutrition, and exercise. Pulmonary rehabilitation canreduce the number and length of hospital stays and increase thepatient's chances of living longer. Pulmonary rehabilitation improvesthe likelihood of a successful outcome in a procedure to create apneumostoma and maintain a pneumostoma after the procedure.

In procedure planning step 210, the physician determines a suitableplacement for the pneumostoma based upon the results of the lungscanning, patient anatomy and physical abilities of the patient. It isdesirable that the patient be able to undertake the long-term managementof the pneumostoma. Thus, it is important that the patient be able tocomfortably view (with a mirror) and reach the location of thepneumostoma in order to clean the pneumostoma and insert or removepneumostoma management devices. Other factors to consider in determiningplacement include the thickness of muscle and/or fat at the possiblelocation sites, the disease state of the lung, any abnormal lunganatomy, and cosmetic considerations. Also, in planning the procedurethe physician may choose one of several different approaches to theprocedure. In particular there are open, minimally invasive andpercutaneous approaches. Which approach is selected will depend upon theselected placement, the results of the CT scan, patient anatomy andpatient procedure tolerance. One important aspect of procedure toleranceis the need for general anesthetic and ventilation. COPD patients areoften highly sensitive to anesthesia and ventilation and thus it isdesirable to avoid them if possible. In general the physician willselect the least invasive procedure with good probability of success.

After planning the placement, procedure and approach, the pneumostomyprocedure 212 may be performed. The pneumostomy procedure creates apneumostoma as described with respect to FIGS. 1A-1C above. The goal ofthe procedure is to form a stable epithelialized channel through thechest wall connected with a cavity in the parenchymal tissue of the lunginside the visceral membrane with a seal between the visceral andparietal membranes surrounding the channel such as a pleurodesis. Thereare four different techniques for the pneumostomy procedure which differprimarily in the time and/or manner in which a pleurodesis is created.In a two-phase technique, a pleurodesis is formed in a preliminaryprocedure and after one or more days, when the pleurodesis hasdeveloped, the pneumostoma is created utilizing a pneumostomy catheterin a second procedure. (See FIGS. 4A-4E). In an accelerated two-phasetechnique, a pleurodesis is formed in an acute manner at the beginningof a procedure. After a short period, when the pleurodesis is secure,the pneumostoma is created using a pneumostomy catheter as a second stepin the same procedure. (See FIGS. 5A-5C). In a single-phase techniquethe pleurodesis is formed at the same time as the pneumostoma and doesnot require a separate step. The thoracic cavity is accessed tovisualize the lung, the pneumostomy catheter is inserted into the lungand then the lung is secured to the channel through the chest wallcreating a sealed anastomosis which matures into a pleurodesis after theprocedure. (See FIGS. 6A-6C). In a percutaneous single-phase technique,an instrument including the pneumostomy catheter is insertedpercutaneously through the thoracic wall and into the lung. Thepneumostomy catheter is then used to secure the lung to the channelthrough the chest wall creating a sealed anastomosis which matures intoa pleurodesis after the procedure. (See FIGS. 7A-7C). Each of theseprocedures is described in detail below.

In each procedure, the patency of the channel is maintained in theimmediate post-operative period utilizing a pneumostomy catheter. (SeeFIGS. 3A-3C). When the channel has healed sufficiently—usually betweenone and two weeks post-operatively—the pneumostomy catheter is removedand replaced with a pneumostoma management device (PMD) (See FIGS.8A-8B). The procedure then progresses to long-term pneumostomamanagement 214.

After the procedure it is important that the patient continues withpulmonary rehabilitation therapy 216 to maximize the benefit of theprocedure and ensure compliance with the pneumostoma managementprotocols. At follow-up visits the pneumostoma is inspected for injuryand/or infection. Additionally, the pneumostoma is checked for continuedpatency. In some cases it may be necessary to intermittently reestablishthe patency of the channel. Follow-up on spirometry testing may be usedto monitor the benefits of the pneumostoma.

Pneumostomy Catheter

A specialized pneumostomy catheter is utilized to create a cavity in theparenchymal tissue of the lung and maintain the patency of the channelthrough the chest wall into the lung in each technique. The pneumostomycatheter keeps the lung apposed to the interior of the thoracic wall tosafely and properly allow the pneumonostomy to heal and form. In generalthe aperture and channel of the pneumostoma will conform to the exteriordimensions of the pneumostomy catheter. The pneumostomy catheter may beround, oval or another suitable shape that allows air flow while fittingwithin a desirable anatomical position. The pneumostomy catheter is usedby the physician during the procedure to safely create the pneumonostomychannel through the chest wall and cavity in the parenchymal tissue ofthe lung. The pneumostomy catheter secures the lung by means of aninflatable pneumoplasty balloon on the distal end of the catheter. Thepneumoplasty balloon is inflated within the parenchymal tissue to createa chamber and engage the tissue. With the pneumoplasty balloon inflated,the pneumostomy catheter can be used to position the lung against theinner thoracic wall. The catheter will be placed under a slight tensionby the physician in order to hold the lung up against the inner thoracicwall. A flange sliding on the catheter acts as the counterforce memberto keep the lung and the device/pneumoplasty balloon apposed to thethoracic wall. The position of the catheter and pneumoplasty balloon andthe apposition of the tissues guide the formation of the transthoracicpneumostoma.

As is commonly with respect to medical devices, the proximal end of thedevice is that end that is closest to the user, typically an EMT,paramedic, surgeon, or emergency physician. The distal end of the deviceis that end closest to the patient or that is first inserted into thepatient. The diameter of a catheter is often measured in “French Size”which is 3 times the diameter of a round catheter in millimeters (mm).For example, a 15 French catheter is 5 mm in diameter. The French sizeis designed to approximate the circumference of the catheter in mm andis often useful for catheters that have non-circular cross-sectionalconfigurations.

A pneumostomy catheter in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention is illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C. As shown in FIG. 3A,pneumostomy catheter 300 comprises a tube 302 having an atraumaticdistal tip 304. The tube may be from 5 to ten inches from length and ispreferably between 6 and seven inches in length. The tube may be fromone quarter to three quarters of an inch in diameter and is preferablybetween one quarter and one half an inch in diameter. A pneumoplastyballoon 306 is located adjacent distal tip 304. An access flange 308 isconnected by a collar 309 fitted around tube 302 and can slide up anddown tube 302. Markings 310 on tube 302 indicate the distance from tip304. A radio-marker or radiopaque material may be incorporated in thedistal tip so that the tip may be visualized during insertion of thepneumostomy catheter. Tube 302 is also connected to an inflation tube320. At the proximal end of the inflation tube 320 is a pilot balloon322, a check valve 324 a coupling 326 and cap 328. Coupling 326 isdesigned to receive a syringe so that air, water or saline may beinjected through inflation tube 320 into pneumoplasty balloon 306. Pilotballoon 322 is also connected to inflation tube 320 such that aphysician may palpate pilot balloon 322 in order to gauge the level towhich pneumoplasty balloon 306 is inflated. Additionally, a contrastmedium may be injected into the balloon during inflation so that theinflation of the balloon may be visualized fluoroscopically or usingultrasound.

Pneumoplasty balloon 306 is preferably an elastic balloon made ofsilicone or its equivalent that has a low profile when not inflated.Pneumoplasty balloon 306 can alternatively be formed of a relativelyinelastic material, such as polyurethane or its equivalent so that, uponinjection of air water or saline, it takes on a fixed shape. In somecase pneumoplasty balloon 306 may be made of, impregnated with or coatedwith a material that promotes pleurodesis. For example use of a latexballoon, without another pleurodesis agent, can cause inflammationleading to pleurodesis. Pneumoplasty balloon 306 is designed to pushaside the parenchymal tissues of the lung when inflated thereby creatinga cavity within the parenchymal tissue. Pneumoplasty balloon 306 is alsodesigned to anchor pneumostomy catheter 300 within the parenchymaltissue of the lung. Alternative expanding devices may be used so long asthey achieve these same functions.

Pneumoplasty balloon 306 is formed as a tube, then assembled over tube302 and sealed to tube 302 at a proximal seal 305 and distal seal 307.Pneumoplasty balloon 306 is designed to be inflated within theparenchymal tissue of the lung. Pneumoplasty balloon 306 is designed tocreate a cavity with the parenchymal tissue. After the cavity iscreated, pneumoplasty balloon 306 is designed to anchor tube 302 withinthe lung. Upon inflation the diameter of pneumoplasty balloon 306 issized as needed to create a chamber within the parenchymal tissue of thelung and anchor the pneumostomy catheter within the lung. The diameterof pneumoplasty balloon 306 may be between three quarters of an inch andtwo inches in diameter and is preferably between one inch and one and aquarter inches in diameter

FIG. 3B shows a sectional view of tube 302 along line B-B of FIG. 3A.Tube 302 has two lumens. Main lumen 330 which passes along the entirelength of tube 302 and is open at the proximal end and distal end oftube 302. Inflation lumen 332 is located on the side of tube 302. Lumen332 is open at a slit along most of the length of tube 302. Inflationlumen 332 is connected to inflation tube 320 adjacent pneumoplastyballoon 306. The distal tip of inflation tube 320 is secured intoinflation lumen 332 and inflation tube 320 is removably received in theopen portion of inflation lumen 332. As shown in FIG. 3C, the distal endof inflation lumen 332 is sealed. However, tube 302 is skived atlocation 336 between proximal seal 305 and distal seal 307 creating anaperture 338 penetrating into inflation lumen 332. The aperture 338allows air, water or saline to be forced into pneumoplasty balloon 306from inflation lumen 332. The components may be secured to each otherusing adhesive, welding, melting or other techniques appropriate to thematerials to be secured.

The pneumostomy catheter may be round, oval or another suitable shapethat allows air flow while fitting within a desirable anatomicalposition. FIG. 3F shows a sectional view of an alternative tube 303having an oval cross-section. The cross-sectional area of tube 303 andinflation lumen 330 is increased relative to tube 302. There is no needto increase the size of inflation lumen 332 as the inflation tube 320remains the same size. The minor dimension of tube 303 is selected suchthat it will fit in the intercostal space. This oval tube 303 creates anoval pneumostoma allowing for the creation of a larger cross-sectionpneumostoma in the intercostal space than may be achieved using a roundpneumostomy catheter. Where oval tube 303 is used instead of tube 302,the other components of the pneumostomy catheter (such as flange 308)are shaped as necessary to accommodate oval tube 303.

FIG. 3G shows a sectional view of an alternative distal tip of apneumostomy catheter 360. In the design shown in FIG. 3G, tube 302 isnecked down in the vicinity 362 of pneumoplasty balloon 306. The neckingdown of tube 302 allows additional space for pneumoplasty balloon 306 inits deflated state. This is particularly useful for non-porous inelasticballoons which may be bulky when deflated. By necking down tube 302,towards the distal tip in region 362 the exterior profile ofpneumoplasty balloon 306 when deflated approaches the diameter of themain length of tube 302. This allows for easier insertion and removal ofpneumostomy catheter 360.

Referring again to FIG. 3A, access flange 308 is designed such that itmay be secured against the skin of the chest of the patient and collar309 may be secured to tube 302 thereby fixing tube 302 in positionrelative to the chest of the patient. Access flange 308, is slidablealong the length of the tube 302. The flange is designed to bepositioned against the skin. The flange 308 can be sutured to the mainshaft to secure the flange in position along the catheter or fixed inplace by other means such as tape, adhesive, clips and staples and thelike or by having a built-in securing mechanism, such as a cam, ratchet,lock or the like. The pneumostomy catheter 300 is designed to maintain atension between the pneumoplasty balloon embedded in the lung and thethoracic wall. Once access flange 308 is secured to the main shaft,access flange 308 provides the necessary counterforce for thepneumoplasty balloon 306. Access flange 308 may also be provided with anadhesive coating to temporarily secure the flange to the skin of thepatient and thereby preclude accidental dislodgment of the catheter.

After access flange 308 has been secured to the catheter, the excesslength of tube 302 can be trimmed. However, prior to cutting the excesslength of the tube 302, the inflation tube 320 must be separated fromthe tube 302 in order to maintain the inflation of the pneumoplastyballoon 306. The inflation tube 320 fits in lumen 332 of tube 302. Lumen332 has a tear-away feature that allows inflation tube 320 to beseparated from tube 302 by pulling it through the slit in the inflationlumen along the excess length. When inflation tube 320 has beenseparated along the excess length of tube 302, the tube 302 can betrimmed safely. Inflation tube 320 with the check valve/pilot balloonassembly is wrapped around collar 309 of access flange 308 and tapeddown so as not to inconvenience the patient.

For certain applications it is desirable to assemble a pneumostomycatheter with a percutaneous insertion tool so that the pneumostomacatheter can penetrate through the pleural membranes and the parenchymaltissue without previous incision or dissection. The percutaneousinsertion tool is a device that permits the rapid deployment of thepneumostomy catheter through the parietal and visceral membranes intothe lung. The insertion tool preferably prevents deflation of the lungby rapid deployment of the pneumostomy catheter and subsequent inflationof the pneumoplasty balloon. The percutaneous insertion tool maycomprise a trocar, mandrel or the like designed to fit through the mainlumen of the pneumostomy catheter and dissect tissue in a minimallytraumatic way thereby allowing the pneumostomy catheter to penetrate thepleural membranes and enter the parenchymal tissue of the lung.

FIG. 3D shows a pneumostomy catheter 350 assembled with a percutaneousinsertion tool 370. Percutaneous insertion tool 370 is sized to fitthrough the main lumen of pneumostomy catheter 350. A dissecting tip 372of percutaneous insertion tool 370 protrudes beyond the distal tip ofpneumostomy catheter 350. Dissecting tip 372 is preferably a bluntdissecting tip that pushes tissue aside rather than cutting throughtissue. A shoulder 374 engages the proximal end of pneumostomy catheter350 such that dissecting tip 372 is correctly positioned relative to thedistal tip of pneumostomy catheter 350. The percutaneous insertion tool370 has a handle 376 at the proximal end. The handle 376 is used by aphysician to position the percutaneous insertion tool 370. Pneumostomycatheter 350 is similar in design to pneumostomy catheter 300 of FIG.3A.

As shown in FIGS. 3D and 3E, the pneumoplasty balloon 356 of pneumostomycatheter 350 is preferably low profile. Likewise, tube 352 ofpneumostomy catheter 350 is also preferably low profile such that thediameter of tube 352 is preferably only slightly greater than thediameter of dissecting tip 372 of percutaneous insertion tool 370. Thelow profile of pneumoplasty balloon 356 and tube 352 facilitate thepassage of pneumostomy catheter 350 into the parenchymal tissue of thelung following the dissecting tip 372 of percutaneous insertion tool370. In addition, as shown in FIGS. 3D and 3E balloon 356 is attached atits distal end inside main lumen 353 of tube 352. This allowspneumostomy catheter 350 to have a lower profile at its distal end. Thisalso allows the inflation profile of balloon 356 shown by dashed line358 to overlap somewhat the position of dissecting tip 372.

Two-Phase Pneumostomy Technique

FIG. 4A is a flowchart showing the steps of the two-phase pneumostomytechnique. The two-phase technique is divided into two separateprocedures. In the first procedure 420 a pleurodesis is created at thesite of each planned pneumostoma. The pleurodesis can be created usingchemical methods including introducing into the pleural space irritantssuch as antibiotics (e.g. Doxycycline or Quinacrine), antibiotics (e.g.iodopovidone or silver nitrate), anticancer drugs (e.g. Bleomycin,Mitoxantrone or Cisplatin), cytokines (e.g. interferon alpha-2β andTransforming growth factor-β); pyrogens (e.g. Corynebacterium parvum,Staphylococcus aureus superantigen or OK432); connective tissue proteins(e.g. fibrin or collagen) and minerals (e.g. talc slurry). A pleurodesiscan also be created using surgical methods including pleurectomy. Forexample, the pleural space may be mechanically abraded duringthoracoscopy or thoracotomy. This procedure is called dry abrasionpleurodesis. A pleurodesis may also be created using radiotherapymethods, including radioactive gold or external radiation. These methodscause an inflammatory response and or fibrosis, healing, and fusion ofthe pleural membranes.

In preferred embodiments the pleurodesis procedure is performed underlocal anesthetic as an out-patient procedure. The pleurodesis is createdbetween the visceral membrane of the lung and the parietal membrane onthe inner wall of the thoracic cavity. At step 422, a small incision ismade at the target location under local anesthesia. At step 424, acatheter is introduced into the pleural cavity to deliver a pleurodesisagent to the localized area surrounding the target location. Aguide-wire may optionally be used to guide the catheter or otherdelivery mechanism into the pleural cavity while avoiding perforation ofthe lung. The pleurodesis agent is preferably a solid, mesh or gel whichcan be localized to the target location. Alternatively or incombination, a device may be introduced through the incision to performa pleurectomy of the target location by e.g. mechanical abrasion of theparietal membrane. Localized pleurodesis may be enhanced by insertion ofan absorbable polyglactin mesh in combination with localizedpleurodesis. The mesh may be anchored in place with a suture to thechest wall. The absorbable mesh also serves to reinforce the pleuralmembranes at the site of the pleurodesis which may be advantageous inthe second phase of the technique.

A pleurodesis may also be created at step 422 without entering thethoracic cavity or penetrating the parietal pleura. The physician makesa small incision to visualize the parietal membrane without penetratingthe parietal membrane. Once the parietal membrane is exposed, anirritant is packed against the parietal membrane external to the pleuralcavity. Over time the irritant causes inflammation of the parietalmembrane and pleurodesis between pleural membranes. Pleurodesis agentsmay be utilized as described above.

The location of the pleurodesis should either be recorded with respectto a stable anatomic feature, or marked on the skin of the patient (ifthe time between the first and second procedures is to be short).Alternatively, an implantable marker may be used that can be locatedfluoroscopically or under ultrasound. Where an implantable mesh is usedas part of the pleurodesis procedure, the mesh may be provided withmarkers including, for example, radiopaque fibers for radiographicimaging, or echogenic cavities for ultrasound imaging. Echogeniccavities may be readily formed when extruding polyglactin and can beincorporated in the polyglactin mesh used to help generate pleurodesis.Alternatively, markers such as RFID tags or metal components may be usedwhich may be located from out side of the device with simple handhelddevices, for example, RFID antenna and/or metal detector. The marker ispreferably readily localized in order to guide placement of the channelfor the pneumostoma in the second phase of the procedure.

FIG. 4B, illustrates the delivery of a mesh 450 through a deliverycatheter 452 into the pleural cavity 140 between the visceral membrane138 and parietal membrane 108. After initiating the pleurodesis,catheter 452 is removed and the opening closed with a suture.Alternatively, a catheter or other device may be left in place tocontinue delivery of a pleurodesis-inducing agent until the pleurodesisis formed. Mesh 450 may be anchored in place with a suture and/oradhesive. Applicant's copending U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/030,006 entitled “VARIABLE PARIETAL/VISCERAL PLEURAL COUPLING”discloses methods such as pleurodesis for coupling a channel through thechest wall to the inner volume of the lung without causing apneumothorax and is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Referring again to FIG. 4A, the formation of a stable pleurodesis maytake two or more days depending upon the method used. The secondprocedure of the first technique should not be performed untilsufficient time has passed for the pleurodesis to be secure. Thus, atstep 425 of the first technique, there is a waiting period having aduration of 48 hours or more. This wait step is acceptable because theinitial pleurodesis procedure can be performed on an outpatient basisand the patient may therefore resume their regular activities betweenthe first procedure and second procedure. FIG. 4C illustrates theformation of a stable pleurodesis. Note that in the localized region ofpleurodesis 124, the visceral membrane 138 is fused with the parietalmembrane 108 and there is no longer pleural space 140 between thepleural membranes in the localized target area.

Referring again to FIG. 4A, the second procedure begins at step 426. Thepatient is prepared using local anesthesia at the target site inaddition to a sedative or general anesthesia. A chest tube mayoptionally be inserted into the pleural cavity in a standard manner. Anincision is then opened over the pleurodesis at step 428 and thephysician performs dissection to reach the parietal membrane. At step430, the physician may palpate and/observe the parietal membrane toverify the existence of a stable pleurodesis at the incision. At step432 the physician creates an incision through the fused parietal andvisceral membranes within the pleurodesis. If the pleurodesis has beenformed correctly, the incision should not leak air into the pleuralcavity and the lung will remain inflated and pushed against the chestwall. At step 434, the physician inserts the pneumostomy catheter 300into the lung through the incision. The insertion may alternatively beaccomplished using the percutaneous insertion tool 370 of FIGS. 3D-3Einstead of making an incision. Pneumostomy catheter 300 should beinserted until the distal tip of the pneumostomy catheter and theentirety of pneumoplasty balloon 306 is located within the parenchymaltissue. FIG. 4D shows the pneumostomy catheter 300 correctly positionedthrough the chest wall 106 and passing through pleurodesis 124 so thatthe distal tip 304 of the pneumostomy catheter 300 and the entirety ofdeflated pneumoplasty balloon 306 is located within the parenchymaltissue 132 of lung 130.

Because the pneumostomy catheter 300 will likely fill the incisionthrough chest wall 106, the pneumostomy catheter is provided withmarkings 310 so that the physician may gauge the placement of thecatheter 300. The physician should measure the distance from the skin tothe parietal membrane and then insert the catheter to the appropriatedepth. The physician may conduct a dissection of the parenchymal tissueprior to insertion of the pneumostomy catheter—however, the parenchymaltissue is generally rather friable especially in patients with advancedCOPD and so dissection may not be necessary. If a large incision in thepleural membranes was made then a purse-string suture should be madearound the opening prior to incision of the catheter. The purse-stringsuture may be tightened after insertion of pneumostomy catheter 300.

Referring again to FIG. 4A, at step 436, after pneumoplasty balloon 306has been correctly positioned within the parenchymal tissue, awater-filled, saline-filled or air-filled syringe is connected to thecoupling of the pneumostomy catheter and material is injected into thepneumoplasty balloon. Although the filling of the pneumoplasty balloonmay not be directly observed, the physician may palpate the pilotballoon 322 as a marker for pneumoplasty balloon inflation.Additionally, the amount of air, water or saline required to inflate thepneumoplasty balloon to the desired shape is relatively predictable. Acontrast medium may be used to inflate the pneumostomy balloon therebyallowing the position and size of the balloon to be observed andverified, for example, with X-ray or ultrasound visualization. Inflationof pneumoplasty balloon 306 pushes aside parenchymal tissue 132 withinlung 130 creating a cavity with the parenchymal tissue. The cavityshould be approximately the same size and shape as pneumoplasty balloon306. The inflated pneumostomy balloon 306 secures the distal end of thepneumostomy catheter 300 within the parenchymal tissue of the lung 130.

When the pilot balloon 322 indicates that the pneumoplasty balloon isinflated, the syringe is removed and the cap 328 inserted in coupling326. At step 438, after the pneumoplasty balloon 306 is inflated, theincision through the chest wall is closed around the pneumostomycatheter using one or more sutures as necessary. A suture techniquesuitable for a straight incision is preferred over a, purse-stringsuture. Access flange 308 is then pushed against the skin of the chestwall. A slight tension is applied to the pneumostomy catheter 300. Inthe event of air leakage around the incision, this tension will serve toocclude the leak and prevent a pneumothorax from developing. When thedesired degree of tension has been achieved, the collar 309 is fixed totube 302 with, for example, a suture, a clamp, a hose clamp, lockingcollar, pin, and/or surgical tape. Access flange 308 is also secured tothe skin of the patient. With access flange 308 pushed against the skinand secured, inflation tube 320 can be pulled out of the open portion ofinflation lumen 332 of tube 320 up to the back of collar 309. Tube 302can then be shortened leaving enough length to connect main lumen 330 toa water seal. Inflation tube 320 is then wrapped around collar 309 andsecured. The pneumostoma site is dressed and the patient provided withstandard postoperative care. FIG. 4E, illustrates pneumostomy catheter300, with the inflated pneumoplasty balloon 306 properly located withinthe parenchymal tissue 132, the access flange 308 against the skin 114of the chest 100 and the inflation tube 320 secured.

In some cases it may be desirable to connect tube 302 to a water seal,Heimlich valve or similar sealing device during the immediatepostoperative period to trap air or discharge from tube 302 and prevententry of material into the lung 130 through tube 302. FIG. 4F,illustrates pneumostomy catheter 300, with the inflated pneumoplastyballoon 306 properly located within the parenchymal tissue 132, theaccess flange 308 against the skin 114 of the chest 100 and the tube 302connected to a sealing device 460. Access flange 308 may be temporarilysecured to the skin of the patient using adhesive 470. As shown in FIG.4F, a right-angle adapter 462 is connected to the proximal end of tube302 of pneumostomy catheter 300. A flexible tube 464 connectsright-angle adapter 464 to sealing device 460. Right-angle adapter 462reduces the profile/trajectory of tube 464 away from the chest 100 ofthe patient. Tube 464 may be taped or secured to the chest of thepatient. Sealing device 460 may be secured to the patient but will morelikely be secured bedside during the immediate postoperative period.

As shown in FIG. 4F, sealing device 460 may comprise a water seal whichmaintains the outlet of a tube 466 under water 468. The use of a waterseal for sealing device 460 allows for direct observation of any airthat may exit through tube 302. Air exiting the lung via tube 302 isvisible as bubbles leaving tube 466 and passing through water 468.Although a water seal in shown, sealing device 460 may alternativelycomprise any suitable sealing device including a Heimlich valve, flappervalve vacuum bottle and the like. After the immediate post-operativeperiod, the sealing device 460 may be removed and pneumoplasty catheter300 protected with a dressing or protective cover as shown, for example,in FIGS. 9D-9G.

The patient may be discharged after a short period of observation solong as there is no evidence of air leakage into the pleural cavity andconsequent pneumothorax. If a chest tube has been inserted, the chesttube may be removed when no gases are being expelled from the pleuralcavity. The chest tube opening is closed and dressed after removing thechest tube. The pneumostoma catheter is left in place from seven days totwo weeks as the pneumostoma heals. Air flow out through the main lumen330 of pneumostomy catheter 300 is expected and is not an indicator ofpneumothorax. It is, however, preferable to prevent air flow into thelung through the main lumen during the immediate postoperative. Thusduring this time the proximal end of main lumen 330 may be sealed with acheck valve, water seal or provided with slight vacuum. The patient maybe observed on an outpatient basis during this period until thepneumostoma has healed. The dressing may be changed periodically and thepneumostoma observed to ensure that the pneumostomy catheter 300 is notdisturbed and pneumoplasty balloon 306 remains inflated.

When the physician considers that the pneumostoma has healed adequately,the pneumostomy catheter 300 is removed and the pneumostoma isinspected. The physician will then confirm the size of the pneumostomaas preliminarily indicated by the markings 310 on the pneumostomycatheter 300. The physician will then provide a pneumostoma managementdevice (PMD) of the appropriate size. PMD's are described in applicant'sprovisional patent applications, Ser. No. 61/029,826 titled “PneumostomaManagement Device And Methods For Treatment Of Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease” filed Feb. 19, 2008; Ser. No. 61/29,830 titled“Enhanced Pneumostoma Management Device And Methods For Treatment OfChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease” filed Feb. 19, 2008; and Ser. No.61/032,877 titled “Pneumostoma Management System And Methods ForTreatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease” filed Feb. 29, 2008.The application of the PMD to the pneumostoma upon removal ofpneumostomy catheter is described in more detail with respect to FIGS.8A and 8B, below.

Accelerated Two-Phase Pneumostomy Technique

FIG. 5A is a flowchart showing the steps of an accelerated two-phasepneumostomy technique. This pneumostomy technique is similar to thetwo-phase technique with the primary difference that the acceleratedtwo-phase technique is performed as a single procedure. Because there isa limited time for the pleurodesis to form in this technique, differentpleurodesis technology is utilized. The patient is prepared using localanesthesia at the target site in addition to a sedative or generalanesthesia. A chest tube may optionally be inserted into the pleuralcavity in a standard manner. At step 522, an incision is opened at thetarget location and the physician performs dissection to expose theparietal membrane. A larger incision may be required than in the firsttechnique to permit use of the acute pleurodesis technology.

At step 524, a material or device is delivered to the localized areasurrounding the target location to create a seal between the visceraland parietal membranes in an acute manner. The seal is created in anacute manner between the pleural membranes using biocompatible glues,adhesive meshes or mechanical means such as clamps, staples, clipsand/or sutures. A range of biocompatible glues are available that may beused on the lung, including light-activatable glues, fibrin glues,cyanoacrylates and two part polymerizing glues. The application ofenergy such as RF energy may also be used to weld the visceral andparietal membranes to each other in an acute manner. The membranes areheated to an adequate temperature using the directed energy tosufficiently denature the collagen and/or other connective tissuefibers. The membranes are then pushed into contact allowing thepartially denatured fibers of the parietal and visceral membrane tocontact one another mingle and bind to each other. In a preferredembodiment, RF energy is used to denature the collagen fibers which arethen pressed together using a vacuum device. The adhesive, mechanicalseal or tissue weld preferably develops into a pleurodesis over time.One or more of the pleurodesis agents discussed above may be used inconjunction with the sealing agent in order to promote pleurodesisformation following the procedure.

As shown in FIG. 5B, an incision 552 is created over an intercostalspace 554 between ribs 107. Dissection is used to expose the parietalmembrane 108. The visceral membrane 138 should be visible through theparietal membrane 108. One or more retractors 550 may be used to aidvisualization of the intercostal space 554. A polyglactin mesh torus 556may be coated with an adhesive and introduced between the visceralmembrane 138 and the parietal membrane 108 as shown.

After insertion of the polyglactin mesh torus 556, further steps mayoptionally be taken to secure the visceral membrane 138 to the parietalmembrane 108 surrounding the target site. For example, an automateddevice 558 such as automated purse-string suturing device may be used toplace a ring of suture 560 around the target site and mesh (see FIG.5C). A suitable automated purse-string suturing device may be found inU.S. Pat. No. 5,891,159 which is incorporated herein by reference.Alternatively, suture 560 may be placed by hand. Although a purse-stringsuture is preferred, other tissue approximation devices such as tissueanchors, staples and clips may be used instead of or in addition to theadhesive and mesh in order to create an interpleural seal in an acutemanner at the target location. Depending on the technology/adhesive usedthe interpleural seal may be stable immediately or after a period of afew minutes.

Referring again to FIG. 5A, at step 530, the physician palpates and/orobserves the parietal membrane to verify the existence of a stableinterpleural seal at the incision. At step 532 the physician creates anincision through the parietal and visceral membranes within the sealedregion. If the interpleural seal has been formed correctly, the incisionshould not leak significant amounts of air into the pleural cavity andthe lung will remain inflated and pushed against the chest wall 106. Apurse-string suture may be placed by hand in the visceral membranearound the incision. At step 534, the physician inserts the pneumostomycatheter 300 into the lung through the incision. The insertion mayalternatively be accomplished using the percutaneous insertion tool 370of FIGS. 3D-3E instead of making an incision.

As before, the pneumostomy catheter 300 should be inserted until thedistal tip of the pneumostomy catheter 300 and the entirety ofpneumoplasty balloon 306 are located within the parenchymal tissue. FIG.5C illustrates the insertion of pneumostomy catheter 300 through thehole 557 in the center of polyglactin mesh torus 556 and through theparietal membrane 108 and visceral membrane 138. As described above, apurse string suture may be placed in the visceral membrane in additionto any suture of anchoring device that may be introduced to hold thevisceral membrane to the parietal membrane. Where a mesh is used, themesh is provided with a central opening which constrains the aperturethrough the visceral membrane without the use of a purse-string suture.Where the technology used to form the adhesion/pleurodesis does notconstrain the opening through the visceral membrane with atwo-dimensional structure, a purse-string suture may be useful aroundthe opening in the visceral membrane. The purse-string suture 560 may betightened prior to inflation of pneumoplasty balloon 306.

Referring again to FIG. 5A, at step 536, after pneumoplasty balloon 306is located within the parenchymal tissue, a saline, air or water-filledsyringe is connected to the coupling of the pneumostomy catheter and thepneumoplasty balloon is inflated as in the first technique. At step 538,after the pneumoplasty balloon 306 is inflated, the incision 552 throughthe chest wall is closed around the pneumostomy catheter 300 using oneor more sutures as necessary. A suture technique suitable for a straightincision is preferred over a, purse-string suture. Flange 308 is thenpushed against the skin of the chest and secured and dressed as in thetwo-phase technique. (See FIG. 4E and accompanying text).

The patient is provided with the same postoperative treatment as withthe two-phase technique. When the physician considers that thepneumostoma has healed adequately, the pneumostomy catheter 300 isremoved and the pneumostoma is inspected. The physician will then verifythe size of the pneumostoma and provide a pneumostoma management device(PMD) of the appropriate size. The application of the PMD to thepneumostoma upon removal of pneumostomy catheter 300 is described inmore detail with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B, below.

Percutaneous Approach for Two-Phase Pneumostomy Techniques

The two-phase pneumostomy techniques described in FIGS. 4A-4F and 5A-5Cand accompanying text may be performed, in whole or in part using apercutaneous approach. In an exemplary procedure, a catheter isintroduced to the pleural cavity using a technique such as the Seldingertechnique. A needle is passed percutaneously into the pleural cavity. Aguidewire is placed into the pleural cavity through the needle. Theneedle is then removed. A catheter is then percutaneously introducedinto the pleural cavity over the guidewire. The catheter is guidedfluoroscopically to the desired position for creating a pleurodesisbetween the visceral and parietal membranes. The catheter delivers anagent or device for forming an adhesion/pleurodesis between the visceraland parietal membranes at the desired location. The device may be, forexample, an adhesive, adhesive mesh, tissue welding device, pleurodesisagent or other agent or device for bonding the visceral and parietalmembranes to each other in an acute manner. In the second step of thetechnique the pneumostomy catheter is introduced through theadhesion/pleurodesis into the lung. The introduction of the pneumostomycatheter may also be carried out percutaneously. The introduction of thepneumostomy catheter may be performed in as separate procedure(two-phase technique) or in the same procedure (accelerated two-phasetechnique) depending upon the technology used to form theadhesion/pleurodesis.

As part of the percutaneous approach a percutaneous catheter may be usedto apply energy such as RF energy may to weld the visceral and parietalmembranes to each other in an acute manner. The catheter is introducedto the pleural cavity using a technique such as the Seldinger techniqueand guided to the desired site of the pleurodesis using e.g.fluoroscopic visualization. The catheter then heats the membranes to anadequate temperature using directed energy to sufficiently denature thecollagen and/or other connective tissue fibers. In a preferredembodiment, RF energy is used as the heat source. The catheter thenapplies vacuum to the parietal and visceral membranes, pushing them intocontact, and allowing the partially denatured fibers of the parietal andvisceral membrane to contact one another, mingle and bind to each other.

Single-Phase Pneumostomy Technique

FIG. 6A is a flowchart showing the steps of the single-phase pneumostomytechnique. This technique is similar to the accelerated two-phasetechnique with the exception that no interpleural seal is created priorto entering the pleural space and lung. Because no preliminaryinterpleural seal is created the lung may deflate during the procedureresulting in a temporary pneumothorax. The technique 612 begins with thepatient given a general anesthetic, intubated and ventilated via theother lung. A chest tube is inserted into the pleural cavity in astandard manner at a location away from the target area to assist withre-inflation of the lung after the procedure. At step 622, an incisionis opened at the target location and the physician performs dissectionto expose the parietal membrane 108. A larger incision may be requiredthan in the first two techniques to permit access to the pleural cavity.In some cases a minithoracotomy may be performed, in other cases, asmaller rib resection may be used instead of a minithoracotomy. In othercases sufficient access may be obtained by retracting the ribs withoutresection. At step 624, a small incision is made in the parietalmembrane at the target location. The incision in the parietal membraneallows air to enter the pleural space causing the lung to shrink awayfrom the parietal membrane 108. At step 624, a lung manipulation deviceis inserted through the incision to grasp the visceral membrane of thelung and approximate it to the opening in the parietal membrane. Apleurodesis agent may be applied between the visceral membrane andparietal membrane surrounding the opening at this time to promotepleurodesis after the procedure.

FIG. 6B shows a minithoracotomy in which a section of a rib 107 has beenresected to provide access to the pleural cavity 140 through an incision650. Dissection is used to expose the parietal membrane 108. Theparietal membrane 108 has been retracted around opening 650 to provideaccess to the lung 130. One or more retractors 654 may be used to aidwith visualization of the pleural cavity 140. Note that the lung 130 haspulled back from the parietal membrane because air has entered thepleural cavity 140. A lung manipulation device 652 is therefore insertedthrough the opening 650 to manipulate the visceral membrane 138 of thesurface of lung 130. The lung manipulation device may be a blunt forcepsor a suction device or similar tool designed to grip the visceralmembrane without tearing the visceral membrane. One or more of thepleurodesis agents discussed above may be applied to the parietalmembrane 108 or visceral membrane at this time to promote pleurodesisformation following the procedure.

Referring again to FIG. 6A, at step 630, the physician may choose tosecure the visceral membrane 108 to the parietal membrane 138 around theopening into the pleural cavity 140. The lung manipulation device isused to approximate the visceral and parietal membranes. When themembranes are approximated, the visceral membrane is fixed to theparietal membrane using several sutures distributed around the perimeterof the opening in the parietal membrane. Although sutures are preferred,other materials and methods may be used, such as, e.g. adhesives,staples, clips, tissue anchors and the like.

At step 632 the physician creates a small incision through the visceralmembrane. The surgeon may additionally put a purse-string suture aroundthe site of the incision. At step 634 the physician inserts the distaltip of the pneumostomy catheter 300 through the incision into the lung.If the visceral membrane was not secured to the parietal membrane atstep 630, it will be necessary to provide counter-pressure with the lungmanipulation tool during introduction of the pneumostomy catheter 300into the lung. As before, the pneumostomy catheter 300 should beinserted until the distal tip of the pneumostomy catheter 300 and theentirety of pneumoplasty balloon 306 is located within the parenchymaltissue of the lung. The purse-string suture may be tightened prior toinflation of pneumoplasty balloon 306. At step 636, after thepneumoplasty balloon 306 is located within the parenchymal tissue, asaline, water or air-filled syringe is connected to the coupling of thepneumostomy catheter 300 and the pneumoplasty balloon 306 is inflated asin the first technique.

FIG. 6C illustrates a pneumostomy catheter 300 inserted through thevisceral membrane 138 into the parenchymal tissue of lung 130. Apurse-string suture 656 is shown around the pneumostomy catheter 300.The lung 130 shown in FIG. 6C was not fixed to the parietal membraneprior to insertion of pneumostomy catheter 300. However, now that thepneumostomy catheter is secured within the lung by the pneumoplastyballoon and the purse-string suture, the visceral membrane may beapproximated to the parietal membrane during the closing of the opening.

Referring again to FIG. 6A, at step 638, after the pneumoplasty balloon306 is inflated, the incision through the chest wall is closed aroundthe pneumostomy catheter using one or more sutures as necessary. If thepleural membranes were not previously secured to one another, thevisceral membrane is drawn into contact with the parietal membrane usingthe pneumostomy catheter 300. After the opening through the chest wallhas been closed, flange 308 is pushed against the skin of the chest walland secured as in the two-phase technique. (See FIG. 4E and accompanyingtext). Slight tension is applied to the pneumostomy catheter 300 priorto securing flange 308 to ensure that the pleural membranes are in goodcontact with each other. The pneumostoma site is dressed. At this point,the chest should be sealed and there should be little air leaking intothe pleural cavity at the site of the pneumostomy catheter. However,some air may continue to leak until a pleurodesis forms between thevisceral and parietal membranes surrounding the pneumostomy catheter.The chest drain should therefore be left in to apply negative pressureto the pleural cavity to re-inflate and then maintain the inflation ofthe lung until there is no longer any leakage into the pleural cavity.This may take from one to three days. After any air leakage into thepleural cavity is resolved, the chest tube is removed. The pneumostomycatheter is left in place from one to two weeks while the pneumostomaheals as in the two-phase pneumostomy techniques.

Although this procedure has been illustrated using a minithoracotomy foraccess to the lung, other approaches may be used. For example, theprocedure may also be performed in a less invasive fashion by enteringthe pleural cavity through the intercostal space and retracting the ribsrather than removing a section of rib. The procedure may also beperformed using a minimally invasive approach under thorascopicguidance.

The patient is provided with the same postoperative treatment as withthe two-phase pneumostomy techniques. When the physician considers thatthe pneumostoma has healed adequately, the pneumostomy catheter isremoved and the pneumostoma is inspected. The physician will then verifythe size of the pneumostoma and provide a pneumostoma management device(PMD) of the appropriate size. The application of the PMD to thepneumostoma upon removal of pneumostomy catheter is described in moredetail with respect to FIGS. 8A AND 8B, below.

Percutaneous Single-Phase Pneumostomy Technique

FIG. 7A is a flowchart showing the steps of a percutaneous single-phasepneumostomy technique. This pneumostomy technique is similar to theaccelerated two-phase technique with the primary difference that noprior pleurodesis is formed. Because no pleurodesis is formed in thistechnique, different technology is utilized to deliver the pneumostomycatheter into the lung. The pneumostomy catheter is assembled with apercutaneous insertion tool and delivered into the parenchymal tissue ofthe lung through the pleural cavity. Tension on the pneumostomy catheterafter the balloon is inflated serves to hold the visceral and parietalpleural membranes in opposition and seal any leakage during pneumostomaformation. A chest tube may be inserted prior to the procedure in orderto extract any air that may leak into the pleural cavity during theprocedure.

Referring again to FIG. 7A, prior to the procedure, the patient isprepared using local anesthesia at the target site in addition to asedative or general anesthesia. A chest tube is preferably inserted intothe pleural cavity as a prophylactic measure. At step 722, an incisionis opened at the target location and the physician performs dissectionto expose the parietal membrane. At step 724, a material or device maybe optionally delivered to the localized area surrounding the targetlocation to promote pleurodesis between the visceral and parietalmembranes after the procedure. One or more of the pleurodesis agentsdiscussed above may be used in order to promote pleurodesis formationfollowing the procedure however it is not expected that the pleurodesiswill form during the procedure itself. At step 726, the physicianassembles the pneumostomy catheter 350 with the percutaneous insertiontool 370 as described in FIGS. 3D and 3E and accompanying text. At step734, the physician inserts the pneumostomy catheter 350 into the lungthrough the parietal and visceral membranes using the percutaneousinsertion tool 370. As before, the pneumostomy catheter 350 should beinserted until the distal tip of the pneumostomy catheter 350 and theentirety of pneumoplasty balloon 356 are located within the parenchymaltissue. FIG. 7B illustrates the insertion of pneumostomy catheter 350through the parietal membrane 108 and visceral membrane 138 through thepleural cavity 140. Because there is no pleurodesis between the parietalmembrane 108 and visceral membrane 138, a small amount of air may leakinto the pleural cavity around tube 352. However, the chest tube shouldbe able to extract the small amount of air and the lung 130 will remaininflated and pushed against the chest wall 106.

Referring again to FIG. 7A, at step 736, after pneumoplasty balloon 356is located within the parenchymal tissue 132 the pneumoplasty balloon356 is inflated as in the first technique. At step 737, the percutaneousinsertion tool 370 is removed from the main lumen of pneumostomycatheter 350 (this step may alternatively be performed before ballooninflation). At step 738, after the pneumoplasty balloon 356 is inflated,flange 308 is pushed against the skin of the chest as shown in FIG. 7C.Tension is applied to tube 352 of pneumostomy catheter 350 drawing thelung 130 towards thoracic wall 106 and bringing the parietal membrane108 and visceral membrane 138 into contact. The contact between theparietal membrane 108 and visceral membrane 138 should reduce oreliminate any air leak around tube 352. Moreover, the contact betweenthe parietal membrane 108 and visceral membrane 138 should mature into apleurodesis during the postoperative period. The balloon 356 and tube352 may be coated and/or impregnated with a pleurodesis agent to promotethe formation of the pleurodesis. After the tension is applied to tube352, pneumostomy catheter 350 is secured and dressed as in the two-phasetechnique. (See FIG. 4E and accompanying text).

The patient is provided with the same postoperative treatment as withthe two-phase technique. When the physician considers that thepneumostoma has healed adequately, the pneumostomy catheter 350 isremoved and the pneumostoma is inspected. The physician will then verifythe size of the pneumostoma and provide a pneumostoma management device(PMD) of the appropriate size. The application of the PMD to thepneumostoma upon removal of pneumostomy catheter 350 is described inmore detail with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B, below.

Referring again to FIG. 7A, additional tools or devices may be used atstep 724 to stabilize the parietal and visceral membranes in the regionsurrounding the target location for the pneumostoma. Such tools and/ordevice may be used to stabilize the visceral and parietal membranesbefore insertion of the pneumostomy catheter 350. They may optionallyremain in place after insertion of the pneumostomy catheter 350. In somecases the devices may be implantable and/or absorbable such that theymay be left in place and be absorbed by the body over time.

FIG. 7D shows an example of a lung retraction tool 740 insertedpercutaneously through thoracic wall 106 into the lung 130 prior toinsertion of the pneumostomy catheter 350. Retraction tool 740 comprisesa thin tubular shaft 742 in which is received a rod 744. At the proximalend of shaft 742 is mounted an actuator 746. Operation of actuator 746generates reciprocal movement of rod 744 and shaft 742.

At the distal end of shaft 742 is mounted an anchor 748. Anchor 748 hasa first low-profile configuration (not shown) in which it hasapproximately the same diameter as shaft 742. Anchor 748 may be readilyintroduced percutaneously into the lung in this first low-profileconfiguration. After anchor 748 is positioned within the lung, actuator746 is operated to move rod 744 within shaft 742. The movement of rod744 relative to shaft 742 cause anchor 748 to reconfigure into a secondconfiguration (as shown) in which it extends laterally from the diameterof shaft 742. In this second configuration (as shown), anchor 748 isdesigned to engage the visceral membrane 138 of the lung 130.

After anchor 748 has been deployed to the second configuration, a slighttension may be applied to lung retraction tool 740 to draw visceralmembrane 138 into contact with parietal membrane 108. Lung retractiontool 740 may then be secured into position using a locking flange 747mounted on shaft 742. Lung retraction tool 740 is preferably positionedlaterally displaced and adjacent the target site for the pneumostoma inthe same intercostal space. A second lung retraction tool 740 may bepositioned on the other side of the target site with sufficiency spacebetween the lung retraction tools for introduction of pneumostomycatheter 350. After introduction and deployment of the pneumostomycatheter (as described above), the anchor 748 is returned to the firstlow-profile configuration and the lung retraction tool(s) is(are)removed.

A number of different devices may be delivered percutaneously tostabilize the visceral and parietal membranes, including for example,suture, clips, staples, adhesive and/or adhesive patches. FIG. 7E showsan example of a lung anchor 750 inserted percutaneously through thoracicwall 106 into the lung 130 prior to insertion of the pneumostomycatheter 350. Lung anchor 750 comprises an elongate body 752. At thedistal end of body 752 is anchor head 758. Along the elongated body 752are arrayed a plurality of barbs 754 oriented so as to prevent distalmovement of elongate body 752 through tissue in the direction of anchorhead 758.

Lung anchor 750 is inserted into a thin walled needle/cannula 760 forinsertion through the chest wall. Needle/cannula 760 holds anchor head758 in a low profile configuration during introduction into lung 130.When anchor head 758 is correctly positioned within the lung 130,needle/cannula 760 is withdrawn. Anchor head 758 springs into a wideprofile configuration designed to engage the visceral membrane of thelung—see anchor head 758 a. After needle/cannula has been withdrawn,barbs 754 are also able to engage the tissue of chest wall 130. As lighttension may be applied to elongate body 752 to draw visceral membrane138 into contact with parietal membrane 108. Barbs 754 engage the tissueof chest wall 130 to maintain the tension in elongate body 752. One ormore lung anchors 750 may be introduced adjacent the target site for thepneumostoma in the same intercostal space to stabilize the visceral andparietal membranes during insertion of pneumostomy catheter 350.

Lung anchor 750 may be made from biocompatible metals and/or polymers.In particular lung anchor 750 may be made from a superelastic metal, forexample NITINOL. Alternatively, lung anchor 750 maybe made of anabsorbable material, for example polyglactin. Where the anchoring deviceis made of an absorbable material it may be left in place and absorbedfollowing the introduction and securing or pneumostomy catheter 350.

FIGS. 7F-7H illustrate an alternative lung anchor 778 which may be usedto stabilize the visceral membrane 138 and parietal membrane 108 priorto and during the pneumostomy procedure. As shown in FIG. 7F, lunganchor 778 is implanted with an applicator 770. Applicator 770 has athin tubular shaft 772 in which is received lung anchor 778. Shaft 772is inserted percutaneously until lung anchor 778 is correctlypositioned. At the proximal end of shaft 772 is mounted an actuator 776.Operation of actuator 776 operates to eject lung anchor 778 from shaft772 into tissue adjacent the distal end of shaft 772 in the manner of asurgical staple or clip applier. Actuator 776 is then removed leavingthe lung anchor in position to stabilize the parietal membrane 108 andvisceral membrane 138—see deployed anchor 778 a of FIG. 7F. On or morelung anchors 778 are preferably positioned laterally displaced andadjacent the target site for the pneumostoma in the same intercostalspace prior to the pneumostomy procedure.

FIG. 7G shows an enlarged view of lung anchor 778. Lung anchor 778includes a longitudinal body 780, a first set of retainers 782 and asecond set of retainers 784. As shown in FIG. 7G, the retainers 782, 784lie flat against the body 780 in the undeployed configuration. The lunganchor is place in applicator 770 in this undeployed configuration.After insertion into the tissue retainers 782, 784 move away from body780 to engage tissue as shown in FIG. 7G. FIG. 7H shows a lung anchor778 a with retainers 782, 784 in the deployed configuration. Retainers782, 784 are oriented in opposite directions so that one set ofretainers may engage the parietal membrane 108 and the other set mayengage the visceral membrane 138 and thereby secure the two pleuralmembranes to one another.

The transition from undeployed configuration to deployed configurationmay be achieved in a number of ways. For example lung anchor 778 may bemechanically constrained in the undeployed configuration by tubularshaft 772 such that, when released, retainers 782, 784 spring out intothe deployed configuration. Alternatively, lung anchor 778 may be formedof a shape memory polymer or metal such that upon insertion into thetissue, the material of the anchor transitions from the undeployedconfiguration 778 (FIG. 7G) to the stored deployed configuration 778 a(FIG. 7H). Lung anchor 778 may be made from biocompatible metals and/orpolymers. In particular lung anchor 778 may be made from a superelasticmetal, for example NITINOL. Alternatively, lung anchor 778 maybe made ofan absorbable material, for example polyglactin. Where the anchoringdevice is made of an absorbable material it may be left in place andabsorbed following the pneumostomy procedure.

Pneumostoma Management Device

As described above, a pneumostoma may be created to treat the symptomsof chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A patient is typicallyprovided with a pneumostoma management system to protect the pneumostomaand keeps the pneumostoma open on a day-to-day basis. In general terms apneumostoma management device (“PMD”) comprises a tube which is insertedinto the pneumostoma and an external component which is secured to theskin of the patient to keep the tube in place. Gases escape from thelung through the tube and are vented external to the patient. Thepneumostoma management device may, in some, but not all cases, include afilter which only permits gases to enter or exit the tube. Thepneumostoma management device may, in some, but not all cases, include aone-way valve which allows gases to exit the lung but not enter the lungthrough the tube.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate application of a pneumostoma managementdevice (“PMD”) 800 to a pneumostoma 110 formed in accordance with apneumostomy procedure of the present invention. PMD 800 includes a chestmount 802 which may be mounted to the chest 100 of the patient and apneumostoma vent 804 which is fitted to the chest mount 802. Pneumostomavent 804 is mounted through an aperture 824 in chest mount 802. Chestmount 802 has a first coupling that engages a second coupling of thepneumostoma vent to releasably secure the pneumostoma vent 804 to thechest mount 802. A patient will typically wear a PMD at all times afterformation of the pneumostoma and thus the materials should meet highstandards for biocompatibility. A pneumostoma management device andsystem for use with such a pneumostoma management device is described inprovisional patent application 61/032,877 entitled “PneumostomaManagement System And Methods For Treatment Of Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease” filed Feb. 29, 2008, which is incorporated herein byreference.

Pneumostoma vent 804 includes a tube 840 sized and configured to fitwithin the channel of pneumostoma 110. Tube 840 is stiff enough that itmay be inserted into pneumostoma 110 without collapsing. Tube 840 may beround, oval or some other shape depending on the shape of thepneumostoma. Over time a pneumostoma may constrict and the PMD 800 isdesigned to preserve the patency of the channel 120 of pneumostoma 110by resisting the natural tendency of the pneumostoma to constrict.Pneumostoma vent 804 includes a cap 842 and a hydrophobic filter 848over the proximal end of tube 840. Hydrophobic filter 848 is positionedand mounted such that material passing in and out of pneumostoma 110through tube 840 of pneumostoma vent 804 must pass through hydrophobicfilter 848.

Tube 840 of pneumostoma vent 804 is sufficiently long that it can passthrough the thoracic wall 106 and into the cavity 122 of a pneumostomainside the lung 130. Pneumostoma vent 804 is not however so long that itpenetrates so far into the lung 130 that it causes injury. The length oftube 840 required for a pneumostoma vent 804 varies significantlybetween different pneumostomas. A longer tube 840 is usually required inpatients with larger amounts of body fat on the chest. A longer tube 840is usually required where the pneumostoma is placed in the lateralposition 112 rather than the frontal position 110. Because of thevariation in pneumostomas, pneumostoma vents 804 are manufactured havingtubes 840 in a range of sizes. Tube 840 may be from 30 to 180 mm inlength and from 5 mm to 20 mm in diameter depending on the size of apneumostoma. A typical tube 840 may be between 40 mm and 100 mm inlength and between 8 mm and 12 mm in diameter. When the pneumostomycatheter is removed, the physician should gauge the size of thepneumostoma that has been created for the particular patient and providea pneumostoma vent 804 having a tube 840 of appropriate length for thepneumostoma. The markings on the side of the pneumostomy catheter 300may also assist the physician in determining the approximate length ofpneumostoma vent 804.

To use PMD 800, chest mount 802 is first positioned over a pneumostomaand secured with adhesive to the skin 114 of the patient. Chest mount802 may be positioned by manual alignment of the aperture 824 of chestmount 802 with the aperture of the pneumostoma 110. Alternatively apneumostoma vent 804 or an alignment tool may be used to help align thechest mount 802. As shown in FIG. 8B the low profile of chest mount 802allows it to be inconspicuously positioned on the chest 100 of a patientin either of the frontal 110 or lateral 112 locations illustrated inFIG. 1A. Cap 842 of pneumostoma vent 804 is received in a recess inchest mount 802 such that tube 840 is secured inside the channel 120 ofthe pneumostoma 110.

The removal of the pneumostomy catheter 300 and application of the firstPMD 800 will be performed by the physician. However, the patient willsubsequently be responsible for applying and removing the chest mount802 and the insertion, removal and disposal of pneumostoma vent 804. Thepneumostoma management device 800 is preferably provided as part of asystem which assists the patient in utilizing the chest mount andpneumostoma vent and keeping the pneumostoma clean and free ofirritation/infection while trapping sputum, mucous and other discharge.The patient will exchange one pneumostoma vent 804 for another anddispose of the used pneumostoma vent 804. Pneumostoma vent 804 will bereplaced periodically, such as daily, or when necessary. The patientwill be provided with a supply of pneumostoma vents 804 of theappropriate size by a medical practitioner or by prescription. Chestmount 802 will also be replaced periodically, such as weekly, or whennecessary. The patient will also be provided with a supply of chestmount 802 by a medical practitioner or by prescription. A one weeksupply of pneumostoma vent 804 (such as seven pneumostoma vents 804) maybe conveniently packaged together with one chest mount 802. Pneumostomamanagement devices of different design as discussed in the previouslyreferenced patent applications may also be used.

Alternative Pneumostomy Instruments

FIGS. 9A-E show alternative pneumostomy instruments for use inpneumostomy procedures in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention. The instruments have an expanding mechanism (such as aballoon) for creating a cavity in the parenchymal tissue of the lungthereby engaging the parenchymal tissue and allowing the lung to bedrawn towards the thoracic wall. The instruments have a tube connectedto the expanding mechanism for drawing the expanding mechanism towardsthe chest wall and having a lumen to connect to the cavity in theparenchymal tissue. The instruments have a securing mechanism (such as asliding flange) for securing the position of the expanding mechanismafter applying tension to the tube. The function of the variouscomponents can be achieved in a variety of ways.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show different sectional views an alternativepneumostomy instrument 900 having an outer tube 902 and an inner tube904 in a coaxial relationship. The inner tube is 904 connected to theouter tube 902 at the proximal end of the instrument by a fitting 906.An inflation lumen 908 is defined by the space between the inner tube904 and outer tube 906. The inflation lumen 908 is sealed at theproximal end of the instrument 900 by the fitting 906. At the distalend, the inner tube 904 protrudes beyond the end of the outer tube 906.An inflatable pneumoplasty balloon 910 is connected between the end ofthe inner tube 904 and the end of the outer tube 906 as shown in FIG. 9Athereby sealing the distal end of the inflation lumen 908. Thus air,water or saline inserted through fitting 906 passes through inflationlumen 908 into pneumoplasty balloon 910 thereby inflating balloon 910 tothe position shown by dotted line 911. An access flange 912 is providedin sliding engagement with the exterior of the outer tube 902. FIG. 9Bshows a sectional view of pneumostomy instrument 900 along the line B-Bof FIG. 9A. FIG. 9B shows outer tube 902, inner tube 904, inflationlumen 908 and main lumen 914. Pneumostomy instrument 900 is used in thesame way as pneumostomy catheter 300 of FIGS. 3A through 3C with theexception that pneumostomy instrument 900 has no facility to beshortened after the pneumostomy procedure. Pneumostomy instrument 900may also be used with a percutaneous insertion instrument 370 as shownin FIGS. 3D-3E.

FIG. 9C shows a perspective view of an alternative pneumostomyinstrument 920 that uses an expanding pneumoplasty mechanism instead ofa pneumoplasty balloon. As shown in FIG. 9C, the expanding pneumoplastymechanism 922, comprises a polymer skin 924 covering a flexibleexpanding cage formed of six bars 926. The distal end of each bar 926 isfixed to the distal end of inner tube 928 adjacent atraumatic distal tip931. The proximal end of each bar 926 is fixed to the distal end ofouter tube 930. Outer tube 930 is received over inner tube 928 and canslide relative to inner tube 928. At the proximal end of outer tube 930is a threaded nut 932 which rides on threads 933 on the exterior ofinner tube 928. Inner tube 928 comprises a main lumen 929 which runsfrom the proximal end to the distal end of pneumostomy instrument 920.

Expanding pneumoplasty mechanism 922 is expanded by turning nut 932clockwise which drives nut 932 and outer tube 930 distally relative toinner tube 928. When outer tube 930 moves distally relative to innertube 928, bars 926, which are initially approximately parallel to innertube 928, bend outwards from inner tube 928 as shown. The bars 926 pushpolymer skin 924 outwards in the ball shape shown. Nut 932 may beprovided with a stop to indicate when the expanding pneumoplastymechanism 922 is fully expanded. Nut 932 may also be provided with asafety lock, such as a ratchet which locks the nut in position untilremoval of the pneumoplasty instrument is desired.

Pneumostomy instrument 920 includes an access flange 934 which slides onthe exterior of outer tube 930 for engaging the chest of the patient.However, as shown in FIG. 9C, access flange 934 is also driven by a nut936 which rides on threads 938 on the exterior of outer tube 930.Turning nut 936 clockwise drives access flange 934 distally therebydrawing the expanding pneumoplasty mechanism 922 closer towards thechest wall. Nut 936 may also be provided with a safety lock, such as aratchet which locks the nut in position until removal of thepneumoplasty instrument is desired. Access flange 934 and its drivingand locking mechanism may be substituted for access flange 912 or accessflange 308.

Pneumostomy instrument 920 is used in the same way as pneumostomycatheter 300 of FIGS. 3A through 3C with the exceptions that expansionof expanding pneumoplasty mechanism 922 is by turning nut 932 ratherthan inflating a balloon and positioning of access flange 934 is byturning nut 936 rather then sliding and suturing. Pneumostomy instrument920 may also be used with a percutaneous insertion instrument 370 asshown in FIGS. 3D-3E.

FIGS. 9D and 9E show sectional and perspective views respectively of apost-operative protective cover 940. Protective cover 940 includes dome942 which is specially-shaped to protect the exterior components of thepneumostomy catheter 300 during the post-operative period in which apneumostoma is healing. As shown in FIGS. 9D and 9E, dome 942 ispear-shaped to accommodate the pilot balloon 322, check valve 324 andcap 328. Flange 308 is shaped to fit snugly within cover 940 and thus isalso pear-shaped. The contact between the inside edge of dome 942 andthe raised lip 950 of flange 308 effectively seals the space betweendome 942 and flange 308. Dome 942 should be relatively low-profile andsmooth so as not to restrict movement of the patient or interfere withthe patient's clothing.

Protective cover 940 has two clips 944 for engaging access flange 308.Each of clips 944 comprises a catch 946 for engaging a detent in raisedlip 950 of flange 308. Each of clips 944 also has a release lever 948for disengaging catch 946 from flange 308. In use, protective cover 940can be clipped to flange 308 by pushing clips 944 into position overraised lip 950. Protective cover 940 is released by squeezing lever arms948 towards dome 942. In other embodiments, protective cover 940 may bereleasably secured to flange 308 using other suitable mechanisms or by areleasable adhesive. Alternatively, protective cover 940 may be securedto the chest 100 of the patient directly as shown in FIGS. 9F-9G.

Dome 942 is preferably made of a stiff hydrophobic material such thatwhen protective cover 940 is in position over pneumostomy catheter 300,protective cover 940 prevents entry of water or other foreign matterinto tube 302. Dome 942 is also designed to capture any discharge fromtube 302. Dome 942 is also preferably porous either in whole or in partto allow air to circulate and pass in and out of tube 302. Protectivecover 940 is a disposable component—like a dressing—and will typicallybe removed and exchanged for a replacement every day or few days asrequired.

FIGS. 9F and 9G shows sectional and perspective views respectively of analternative post-operative protective cover 960. Protective cover 960 issimilar in shape and function to protective cover 940, however,protective dome 960 attaches directly to the skin of the patient ratherthan to the flange of the pneumostomy catheter 300. Protective cover 960includes dome 962 which is specially-shaped to protect the exteriorcomponents of the pneumostomy catheter 300 during the post-operativeperiod in which a pneumostoma is healing. As shown in FIGS. 9F and 9G,dome 962 is pear-shaped and defines a cavity 964 sized to accommodatethe tube 302, pilot balloon 322, check valve 324, flange 308 and cap 328of pneumostomy catheter 300. The flat edge of dome 962 is coated with anadhesive 966, such as a hydrocolloid adhesive, to attach cover 960 tothe chest 100 of the patient. The contact between the adhesive 966 andthe skin 114 on the chest 100 of the patient effectively seals the spacesurrounding pneumostomy catheter 300. Dome 962 should be relativelylow-profile and smooth so as not to restrict movement of the patient orinterfere with the patient's clothing during the postoperative period.

Dome 962 is preferably made of a stiff hydrophobic material such thatwhen protective cover 960 is in position over pneumostomy catheter 300,protective cover 960 prevents entry of water or other foreign matterinto tube 302. Dome 962 is also designed to capture any discharge formtube 302. Dome 962 is also preferably porous either in whole or in partto allow air to circulate and pass in and out of tube 302. Protectivecover 960 is a disposable component—like a dressing—and will typicallybe removed and exchanged for a replacement every day or every few daysas required.

FIGS. 10A-10F show views of an alternate pneumostomy instrument 1000.FIGS. 10A-10C show pneumostomy instrument 1000 in its expanded positionin which the pneumostomy instrument is configured to secure the lung ofa patient. FIGS. 10D-10F show pneumostomy instrument 1000 in itsexpanded position in which the pneumostomy instrument is configuredduring insertion to and removal from the lung.

FIG. 10A shows a perspective view of pneumostomy instrument 1000. FIG.10B shows a sectional view of pneumostomy instrument 1000 and FIG. 10Cshows an enlarged sectional view of the distal end of pneumostomyinstrument 1000. As shown in FIG. 10A, pneumostomy instrument 1000comprises a tube 1002 having at the distal end an expanding basket 1010and having a proximal structure 1020.

The tube 1002 is between five and ten inches in length and is preferablybetween six and seven inches in length. The tube may be from one quarterto three quarters of an inch in diameter and is preferably ⅜ of an inchin diameter. The tube has a lumen 1003. In a preferred embodiment, thetube is made from e.g. c-flex 50A). However other biocompatiblethermoplastic elastomers may be used. The relatively soft material ofthe tube 1002 allows the tube 1002 to fold over outside the body inorder that it may be secured during the immediate postoperative period.Reinforcing features may be added to tube 1002 to increase its columnstrength and tensile strength. However, it is preferred that thereinforcement does not prevent the tube 1002 from bending. For examplelongitudinal inelastic reinforcing fibers may be embedded in tube 1002or otherwise affixed the tube 1002 in order to increase the tensilestrength while still permitting bending. In another example, tube 1002may be spiral wound with wire (or be embedded with said wire) toincrease its column strength while still permitting bending.

The material of the expanding basket 1010 is selected such that it canmaintained the desired expanded profile when positioned within the lungbut can be safely returned to a low profile for extraction. The harderdurometer material of the basket allows it to maintain its expandedshape in the lung. In a preferred embodiment, the expanding basket 1010is made from a harder durometer material, for example c-flex (e.g.c-flex 90A) than the tube (e.g. c-flex 50A). However other thermoplasticelastomers may be used.

The expanding basket 1010 may also be covered with a thin elasticcovering that allows for expansion and collapse of the basket forexample an elastic balloon material. See, for example, polymer skin 924covering the flexible expanding cage in FIG. 9C. The covering wouldassist the expanding basket 1010 in pushing aside parenchymal tissue ofthe lung during expansion of the basket. The covering would thus assistanchoring of the expanding basket 1010 within the lung whilefacilitating later removal of expanding basket after the pneumostoma hasformed. The thin covering may also extend along the length of tube 1002to maintain a uniform outside diameter and to help with stabilization ofthe tube 1002. As shown in FIG. 10A, pneumostomy instrument 1000 isprovided with a mandrel 1040. Mandrel 1040 includes an elongated member1042 adapted to fit through tube 1002 into expanding basket 1010. Thedistal tip 1046 of mandrel 1042 is adapted to engage expanding basket1010 and stretch it into a linear configuration suitable for insertionand removal of the instrument. The mandrel also imparts extra stiffnessto pneumostomy instrument 1000 during insertion and removal. Mandrel1040 has a luer fitting 1048 attached to the proximal end. Luer fitting1048 engages the female luer fitting 1026 to secure mandrel 1040 withinpneumostomy instrument 1000 during insertion and removal. Mandrel 1040may be provided with a radio marker, radiopaque or echogenic materialincorporated in the distal tip 1046 so that the tip may be visualizedduring insertion of the pneumostomy instrument.

As shown in FIG. 10A, pneumostomy instrument 1000 may also be providedwith an access flange 1050. Access flange 1050 is designed such that itmay be secured against the skin of the chest of the patient and collar1052 may be secured to tube 1002 thereby fixing tube 1002 in positionrelative to the chest of the patient. Access flange 1052, is slidablealong the length of the tube 1002. The flange 1052 is designed to bepositioned against the skin. The flange 1050 can be sutured to tube 1002to secure the flange in position along the catheter or fixed in place byother means such as tape, adhesive, clips and staples and the like or byhaving a built-in securing mechanism, such as a cam, ratchet, lock orthe like. The flange 1052 is designed to maintain a tension between theexpanding basket 1010 embedded in the lung and the thoracic wall. Onceaccess flange 1050 is secured to tube 1002, access flange 1050 providesthe necessary counterforce for the expanding basket 1010. Access flange1050 may also be provided with an adhesive coating 1054 to temporarilysecure the flange 1050 to the skin of the patient and thereby precludeaccidental dislodgment of the catheter.

FIG. 10C shows a sectional view of expanding basket 1010. Expandingbasket 1010 comprises an outer section 1012 and an inner section 1014.Outer section 1012 has a proximal tube 1011 and a distal tube 1013connected by a plurality of expanding elements 1016. Proximal tube 1011is bonded to tube 1002. Distal tube 1013 end in distal aperture 1018.Optional, side apertures may also be provided in distal tube 1013 and orproximal tube 1011. Expanding elements 1016 are shaped such that theyextend radially from the long axis of expanding basket 1010. Expandingelements are formed in the expanded configuration. Outer section 1012 isbutt joined to the distal end of tube 1002. Expanding basket 1010 may beprovided with a radio marker, radiopaque or echogenic materialincorporated in the distal tip 1046 so that the tip may be visualizedduring insertion of the pneumostomy instrument. Expanding basket 1010 isdesigned to push aside the parenchymal tissues of the lung when expandedthereby creating a cavity within the parenchymal tissue. Expandingbasket 1010 is also designed to anchor pneumostomy catheter 1000 withinthe parenchymal tissue of the lung. Alternative expanding devices may beused so long as they achieve these same functions.

Inner section 1014 is generally tubular and fits within proximal tube1011 and distal tube 1013 of outer section 1012. In a preferredembodiment inner section 1014 is a hollow metal tube having a reduceddiameter tip 1017. Inner section 1014 is bonded to distal tube 1013.Inner section 1014 also has a plurality of barbs 1015 for securing innersection 1014 to distal tube 1013. Inner section 1014 is slidinglyreceived within proximal tube 1011.

A length of suture 1004 is fixed to the proximal end of inner section1014. Suture 1004 may be used to secure inner section 1014 in theposition shown in FIG. 10C. Suture 1004 runs through the lumen 1003 oftube 1004 and out through proximal structure 1020. As shown in FIG. 10B,two stops 1006 and 1007 are crimped and/or UV-bonded to suture 1004. Thedistal stop 1007 is responsible for limiting the pull or throw of thesuture, preventing the physician from over expanding the basket. Theproximal stop 1006 is used to assure the basket stays expanded while inplace in the body. The proximal end of suture 1004 is securely fixed toa pull-ring 1028 which helps the physician or user grasp and pull thesuture.

FIG. 10B shows a sectional view of proximal structure 1020. The distalend of inner section 1014 and section 1012 (as shown in FIG. 10C) suture1004 runs through the lumen 1003. Proximal structure 1020 includes aplastically Y-connector 1022. The distal end of Y-connector 1022 isbonded to the proximal end of tube 1002 with a UV-cured adhesive. Thestraight arm 1021 of the Y-connector 1022 is attached to a high flowfemale luer fitting 1026 with a UV-cured adhesive. The side arm 1023 ofthe Y-connector is attached to a Tuohy Borst connector (Tuohy) 1024. Thecomponents may be secured to each other using adhesive, welding, meltingor other techniques appropriate to the materials to be secured. Suture1004 passes through the Tuohy 1024. Stop 1006 is sized such that whenTuohy 1024 is open it may pass through grommet 1023. However, when Tuohy1024 is closed (as shown in FIG. 10B) stop 1006 may not pass throughgrommet 1023. Stop 1007 is too large to pass into Tuohy 1024.

FIGS. 10D-10F show views of pneumostomy instrument 1000 configured forintroduction or removal from the lung of a patient. In thisconfiguration mandrel 1040 has been inserted into pneumostomy instrument1000. As shown in FIG. 10D the luer fitting 1048 of mandrel 1040 hasbeen secured to female luer 1026 of pneumostomy instrument 1000. Theinsertion of mandrel 1040 has caused expanding head 1010 to assume areduced diameter configuration in which expanding elements 1016 aresubstantially flush with the surface of proximal tube 1011 and distaltube 1013.

As shown in FIGS. 10E and 10F, mandrel 1040 passes through female luer1026, through lumen 1003 of tube 1002 and into inner section 1014 ofexpanding basket 1010. Tip 1046 of mandrel 1040 engages tip 1017 ofinner section 1014. Mandrel 1040 is of sufficient length that insertionof mandrel 1040 into pneumostomy instrument 1000 pushes distal tube 1013of expanding basket 1010 away from proximal tube 1012 thereby causingexpanding elements 1016 to be stretched out and assume the configurationshown in FIGS. 10D-10F.

The pneumostomy instrument 1000 may be utilized in any of thepneumostomy procedures described herein including those proceduresdescribed in FIGS. 4A-4F, 5A-5C, 6A-6C, 7A-7C and accompanying text. Forcertain applications, it is desirable to assemble pneumostomy instrument1000 with a percutaneous insertion tool so that the pneumostoma cathetercan penetrate through the chest wall and pleural membranes and theparenchymal tissue without need for previous incision or dissection. Thepercutaneous insertion tool is a device that permits the rapiddeployment of the pneumostomy catheter through chest wall and theparietal and visceral membranes into the lung. The insertion toolpreferably prevents deflation of the lung by rapid deployment of thepneumostomy catheter and subsequent expansion of expanding basket 1010.The percutaneous insertion tool may comprise a trocar designed to fitthrough lumen of the pneumostomy instrument in place of mandrel 1040 anddissect tissue in a minimally traumatic way thereby allowing thepneumostomy catheter to penetrate the pleural membranes and enter theparenchymal tissue of the lung.

FIGS. 11A-11C show a pneumostomy instrument 1000 assembled with apercutaneous insertion tool 1100. FIG. 11A shows a perspective view ofthe pneumostomy instrument 1000 assembled with the percutaneousinsertion tool 1100. FIGS. 11B and 11C show detailed sectional views ofthe distal end of the pneumostomy instrument 1000 and insertion tool1100. Referring first to FIG. 1A, percutaneous insertion tool 1100 issized to fit through the main lumen of pneumostomy instrument 1000. Adissecting tip 1102 of percutaneous insertion tool 1100 protrudes beyondthe distal tip of pneumostomy instrument 1000. Dissecting tip 1102 ispreferably a dissecting tip that pushes tissue aside rather than cuttingthrough tissue. A handle 1104 extends from the proximal end ofpneumostomy instrument 1000 allowing the physician to control theinstrument. A coupling 1106 temporarily secures the percutaneousinsertion tool 1100 to the female luer 1026 (shown in FIG. 11A) at theproximal end of pneumostomy instrument 1000.

FIG. 11B shows a sectional view of the distal tip of pneumostomyinstrument 1000 and insertion tool 1100. As seen in FIG. 11B,percutaneous insertion tool 1100 includes a sleeve 1101 in which distaltip 1102 is received. The distal end of sleeve 1101 engages the distalend 1017 of inner section 1014 of expanding basket 1010. The dissectingtip extends through the aperture 1018 in the end of pneumostomyinstrument 1000. An actuator 1106 comprises a spring-loaded mechanismfor withdrawing dissecting tip 1101 back towards the proximal end ofpneumostomy instrument. The actuator latches the dissecting tip in theforward position until triggered. The actuator is triggered by theinsertion of dissecting tip 1102 through the chest wall and then intothe softer tissue of the lung. The retraction of the dissecting tipafter passage of the instrument into the parenchymal tissue of the lunghelps prevent injury to the lung caused by over insertion. Theretraction of the dissecting tip may also be used, in some embodiments,to trigger deployment of expanding basket 1010, by, for example,releasing coupling 1106 and allowing the pneumostomy instrument 1000 torelax and allowing the expanding basket 1010 to take on its expandedconfiguration.

FIG. 11C illustrates the configuration of the percutaneous insertiontool 1100 and pneumostomy instrument 1000 after deployment into lungtissue. As shown in FIG. 11C, tip 1102 has been retracted into opening1018 in the distal end of pneumostomy instrument 1000. Expandingelements 1016 have moved out radially from the axis of pneumostomyinstrument 1000. The expanding elements push aside the parenchymaltissue to make a cavity and secure the end of pneumostomy instrument1000 into the lung. Percutaneous insertion tool 1100 may now be removed,leaving pneumostomy instrument 1000 in place. After stabilization of thepneumostoma in 7 to 14 days a mandrel (such as mandrel 1040 of FIG. 10A)is inserted into the lumen of the pneumostomy instrument 1000 againcausing expanding elements 1016 to return to their low profileconfiguration. When mandrel 1040 is secured to pneumostomy instrument100 (see e.g. FIG. 10E) the instrument may be removed from the chest ofthe patient. A pneumostoma management device should then be placed inthe pneumostoma (see FIGS. 8A-8B and accompanying text).

Postoperative Pneumostomy Instrument Support

As described above, the instrument used to create the pneumostomaremains in place in the patient for a period of time in order for thetissues displaced by the instrument to heal and to allow pleurodesisbetween the visceral and pleural membranes surrounding the instrument.During this immediate postoperative period it is desirable to maintainthe comfort and/or mobility of the patient. Thus, it is desirable thatthe instrument used to perform the pneumostomy procedure be secured in alow-profile configuration that reduces inconvenience to the patient. Itis also desirable that the instrument be aligned approximatelyperpendicular to the chest wall where it passes through the chest wall,so that pneumostoma forms in approximately this configuration. It isalso desirable that the instrument be maintained under a slight tensionto aid pleurodesis. In order to achieve and maintain the appropriateconfiguration of the pneumostomy instrument during the post-operativeperiod while reducing inconvenience and discomfort to the patient, apostoperative pneumostomy instrument support is provided. Thepost-operative pneumostomy instrument support keeps the pneumostomyinstrument aligned with the stoma, applies a slight tension to thepneumostomy instrument, prevents kinking of the instrument; and securesthe instrument in a low-profile configuration for the post-operativeperiod.

FIGS. 12A and 12B show a postoperative pneumostomy instrument support1200. FIG. 12A shows an exploded view of the components of support 1200.Support 1200 has three main components: adhesive backing 1202, strap1204 and block 1206.

Adhesive backing 1202 is a compliant foam pad coated on each side with athin layer of biocompatible adhesive. The compliant foam allows the padto conform somewhat to the chest of the patient. The adhesive backinghas a U-shaped opening 1203 in one edge to allow it to fit around thepneumostomy instrument at the insertion site. The opening 1203 is largeenough that the adhesive backing 1202 does not interfere with theincision.

Block 1206 is formed from light weight rigid and/or semi-rigid foam. Theblock has a flat surface 1205 for attachment to the adhesive backing1202. The block has a curved front surface 1207 for supporting thepneumostomy instrument. The front surface 1207 has a semicircularchannel 1212 designed to receive the tube of the pneumostomy instrument.The channel 1212 is aligned perpendicular to the patient-side 1208 wherethe front surface 1207 meets the flat surface 1205. The front surface1207 of block 1206 and channel 1212 subsequently curve away fromperpendicular until approximately parallel with the flat surface 1205.The radius of curvature and shape of the channel is selected so as notto cause the tube of the pneumostomy instrument to kink. An aperture1214 passes through block 1206 from one side of channel 1212 to theother.

Strap 1204 is designed to hold instrument to block 1206 and maintain aslight tension in the instrument. Strap 1204 is sized to fit throughaperture 1214 of block 1206. Strap 1204 may be provided with areleasable adhesive for securing the strap to itself and the pneumostomyinstrument. Strap 1204 may additionally or alternatively be providedwith a fastener for securing the pneumostomy instrument. Strap 1204 ispreferably made of a somewhat elastic material to aid in fixing theinstrument to block 1206 and applying tension to the pneumostomyinstrument without crushing the pneumostomy instrument.

FIG. 12B shows the assembled support 1200. Strap 1204 is positionedthrough aperture 1214 such that the free ends of strap 1204 areavailable to secure a pneumostomy instrument into channel 1212. Adhesivebacking 1202 is secured to the flat surface 1205 of block 1206 by alayer of adhesive. Typically the remaining adhesive layer is protectedwith a removable layer of paper until ready for use. The U-shapedopening 1203 is aligned with channel 1212. Note that adhesive backing1202 is preferably larger is area than the flat surface 1205 of block1206 to facilitate removal of support 1200 by peeling up of adhesivebacking 1202.

FIG. 12C shows a sectional view through support 1200 to illustrate theuse of support 1200 in conjunction with a pneumostomy instrument 1000positioned within a pneumostoma 110. Block 1206 is secured to the skin114 of chest 100 adjacent pneumostoma 110 by adhesive backing 1202. Asshown in FIG. 12C, tube 1002 is aligned perpendicular to the wall ofchest 100 where tube 1002 exits chest 100. Tube 1002 follows thecurvature of block 1206 until approximately parallel with chest 100. Theshape of channel 1212 and the radius of curvature of block 1206 preventtube 1002 from kinking. Tube 1002 is releasably secured to block 1206and under tension by strap 1204. Using support 1200 in this mannerallows the pneumostomy instrument 1000 to be secured to the chest of thepatient in a low profile configuration during the post operative periodwhile maintaining the alignment of the pneumostoma 110.

FIG. 12C also illustrates the use of a discharge trap 1220 withpneumostomy instrument 1000. During the immediate postoperative period,there may be drainage of blood and other fluids through pneumostomyinstrument 1000 in addition to gases from the lung. It is desirable tocontain such discharge using a passive of vacuum discharge trap.Discharge trap 1220 has a fitting 1224 to mate with the female luerfitting of pneumostomy instrument 1000. Gases and/or discharge flowthough the fitting 1224 into a vessel 1222 via a valve 1226. Valve 1226is a one-way valve which prevents discharge from reentering thepneumostomy instrument from vessel 1222. Discharge 1230 may collect invessel 1222 which may be emptied or changed when necessary. Gases mayescape from vessel 1222 through outlet 1228. Outlet 1228 preferablyincludes a hydrophobic filter element to prevent the exit of dischargefrom vessel 1222. Outlet 1228 may vent to atmosphere or mayalternatively be connected to a regulated vacuum source (such as amedical vacuum line).

Support 1200 may be used instead of or in addition to flange 1050 ofpneumostomy instrument 1000 (not shown but see FIG. 10A). FIG. 12D showsa sectional view through a support 1200 a to illustrate the use of asupport 1200 a in conjunction with a pneumostomy instrument 1000 havinga flange 1050 (See FIG. 10A). Support 1200 a is similar to support 1200but has adaptations to make it compatible with flange 1050. Block 1206 ais secured to the skin 114 of chest 100 adjacent flange 1050 by adhesivebacking 1202 a. Block 1206 a and adhesive backing 1202 a are adapted toprovide sufficient space for flange 1050. Block 1206 a may also beprovided with a clip, strap or other fastener to secure support 1200 ato flange 1050. As shown in FIG. 12D tube 1002 is aligned perpendicularto the wall of chest 100 where tube 1002 exits chest 100. Flange 1050works in conjunction with block 1206 a to align tube 1002 and applytension to tube 1002. Using support 1200 a in this manner again allowsthe pneumostomy instrument 1000 to be secured to the chest of thepatient in a low profile configuration during the post operative periodwhile maintaining the alignment of the pneumostoma 110.

FIG. 12D also illustrates the use of a cap 1240 with pneumostomyinstrument 1000. During the immediate postoperative period there may bedrainage of blood and other fluids through pneumostomy instrument 1000in addition to gases from the lung. After a few days however, there maybe little further drainage. Thus, it may be possible to remove thedischarge trap or vacuum source attached to instrument 1050. In order toprevent contaminants entering the lung through pneumostomy instrument1000, a cap 1240 may be used to close the lumen of the instrument. Cap1240 has a fitting 1244 to mate with the female luer fitting ofpneumostomy instrument 1000. Cap 1240 may optionally be provided with avent 1242 to allow gases to escape. Cap 1240 may be used to enhancepatient mobility with occasional use of a discharge trap or vacuumaspiration to clear any discharge from instrument 1000.

Supports 1200, 1200 a may be used in conjunction with a second support1250. FIG. 12E shows a sectional view through a support 1200 a toillustrate the use of a support 1200 a in conjunction with a pneumostomyinstrument 1000 having a flange 1050 (See FIG. 10A) and with a secondsupport 1250. Second support 1250 comprises a block 1256 secured to theskin 114 of chest 100 adjacent flange 1050 by adhesive backing 1252.Block 1256 and adhesive backing 1252 are adapted to provide sufficientspace for flange 1050. Block 1256 may also be provided with a clip,strap or other fastener (not shown) to secure second support 1250 toflange 1050. As shown in FIG. 12D tube 1002 is aligned perpendicular tothe wall of chest 100 where tube 1002 exits chest 100. Second support1250 works in conjunction with support 1200 a and flange 1050 to aligntube 1002 and apply tension to tube 1002. Second support 1250 helpsconstrain tube 1002 perpendicular to the wall of chest 100 whilerelieving strain in tube 1002 that might otherwise misalign thepneumostoma 110. Second support 1250 may in some cases be attached tosupport 1200 a or even formed in one piece with support 1200 a. In someembodiments, the distance between support 1250 and support 1200 a may beadjusted in order to adjust the radius of curvature of the tube 1002.

Pneumostomy Techniques Using The Alternate Pneumostomy Instrument

The pneumostomy instrument 1000 may be utilized in any of thepneumostomy procedures described herein including those proceduresdescribed in FIGS. 4A-4F, 5A-5C, 6A-6C, 7A-7C and accompanying text.FIGS. 13 A and 13B are flowcharts showing the steps of a single-phasepneumostomy technique utilizing pneumostomy instrument 1000. In thesesingle-phase techniques no prior pleurodesis is required ahead of theprocedure. In the percutaneous single-phase procedure (FIG. 13A), thepneumostomy instrument 1000 is introduced without collapsing the lung.In the open single-phase procedure (FIG. 13B). The lung may be allowedto inflate prior to insertion of pneumostomy instrument 1000 and thenreinflated after pneumostomy instrument 1000 is secured within the lung.

Percutaneous Technique

Referring first FIG. 13A which shows the steps of the percutaneoussingle-phase technique 1300 utilizing pneumostomy instrument 1000.Pneumostomy instrument 1000 is first assembled with percutaneousinsertion tool 1100 as shown in FIG. 11A (step 1302). In thisconfiguration the expanding head is secured in a low-profileconfiguration ready for insertion into the lung. The patient is prepared(step 1304) using local anesthesia at the target site in addition to asedative or general anesthesia. A chest tube is preferably inserted intothe pleural cavity as a prophylactic measure. The physician optionallymakes an incision at the target location and dissects to the parietalmembrane (step 1306). The physician optionally introduces a pleurodesisagent to the outer surface of the parietal membrane or, by injection,through the parietal membrane into the pleural space at the targetlocation (step 1308) to promote pleurodesis between the visceral andparietal membranes after the procedure. One or more of the pleurodesisagents discussed above may be used in order to promote pleurodesisformation following the procedure however it is not expected that thepleurodesis will form during the procedure itself. At step 1310, thephysician inserts the pneumostomy instrument and percutaneous insertiontool through the parietal and visceral membranes using the percutaneousinsertion tool. Insertion is made by way of the incision if made, orotherwise directly through the chest wall if no prior incision was made.The pneumostomy instrument is inserted until the expanding head isthrough the visceral membrane and embedded within the parenchymal tissueof the lung. Because there has been no pleurodesis between the parietalmembrane and visceral membrane, a small amount of air may leak into thepleural cavity around tube pneumostomy instrument. However, the chesttube should be able to extract the small amount of air and the lung willremain inflated and pushed against the chest wall.

Referring again to FIG. 13A, at step 1312 the physician releases theexpanding head and allows it to expand within the parenchymal tissue ofthe lung. Note that in some embodiments an actuator automaticallydeploys the expanding head after it is positioned with the lung. At step1314, the suture and stop may be pulled through the open Tuohy and theTuohy closed to secure the expanding head in the expanded configuration.The percutaneous insertion tool is removed from the main lumen ofpneumostomy instrument (this step may alternatively be performed beforeballoon inflation). At step 1316, the flange or instrument support issecured to the skin of the chest of the patient adjacent the instrument.At step 1318 a slight tension is applied to the tube of the pneumostomyinstrument, drawing the expanding head and lung towards thoracic wall.The tension brings the parietal membrane and visceral membrane intocontact. The contact between the parietal membrane and visceral membranereduces or eliminates any remaining air leak around the instrument.Moreover, the contact between the parietal membrane and visceralmembrane allows pleurodesis to occur resulting in adhesion between thepleural membranes and sealing of the pneumostoma from the pleuralcavity. Some or the entirety of the pneumostomy instrument may be coatedand/or impregnated with a pleurodesis agent to promote the formation ofthe pleurodesis. After the tension is applied, the pneumostomyinstrument is secured to the flange or instrument support (step 1320).

The remainder of the instrument is then secured to the chest/abdomen ofthe patient (step 1322). In some procedures it may be desirable to applya water seal or slight vacuum to the instrument during the immediatepostoperative period to collect blood and discharge and reduce theopportunity for any infectious agents to enter the lung. If an incisionwas made, it is now closed using sutures, staples and/or tissue glue.The patient is then monitored to ensure that pneumothorax has notoccurred. A chest tube is inserted or maintained as necessary until itis clear that there is no leakage of air into the pleural cavity. Airflow through the pneumostomy instrument is also monitored. Healing ofthe pneumostoma is monitored and the pneumostomy instrument is removedwhen the physician believes the pneumostoma is sufficiently stable totolerate the removal of the instrument (see FIG. 13C).

Open Technique

Referring next to FIG. 13B which shows the steps of the opensingle-phase technique 1330 utilizing pneumostomy instrument 1000.Pneumostomy instrument 1000 is first assembled with mandrel 1040 asshown in FIG. 10A (step 1332). In this configuration the expanding headis secured in a low-profile configuration ready for insertion into thelung. The patient is prepared (step 1334) using local anesthesia at thetarget site in addition to a sedative or general anesthesia. If ageneral anesthesia is applied the patient will also be intubated andventilated. A chest tube is inserted into the pleural cavity. Thephysician makes an incision at the target location and dissects to theparietal membrane (step 1336). At step 1338 the surgeon makes anincision through the parietal membrane and enters the pleural cavity. Atstep 1340 the physician visualizes the lung, and engages it with asurgical tool, and secures the lung to the chest wall adjacent theincision. The surgeon may use sutures, staples, clips, surgical adhesiveand/or a surgical adhesive patch to secure the visceral membrane of thelung to the chest wall in step 1340. The physician optionally introducesa pleurodesis agent to the outer surface of the parietal membrane or, byinjection, through the parietal membrane into the pleural space at thetarget location (step 1338) to promote pleurodesis between the visceraland parietal membranes after the procedure. One or more of thepleurodesis agents discussed above may be used in order to promotepleurodesis formation following the procedure however it is not expectedthat the pleurodesis will form during the procedure itself.

At step 1344, the physician makes an incision through the visceralmembrane and inserts the pneumostomy instrument and mandrel through theincision into the parenchymal tissue of the lung. The pneumostomyinstrument is inserted until the expanding head is through the visceralmembrane and embedded within the parenchymal tissue of the lung. Counterpressure may need to be applied to secure the lung as the pneumostomyinstrument is inserted.

Referring again to FIG. 13B, at step 1346 the physician releases theexpanding head and allows it to expand within the parenchymal tissue ofthe lung. At step 1348, the suture and stop may be pulled through theopen Tuohy and the Tuohy closed to secure the expanding head in theexpanded configuration. The mandrel may also be removed from the mainlumen of pneumostomy instrument. At step 1350, the incision in the chestwall is closed around the tube of the pneumostomy instrument. At step1352 the pneumostomy instrument is then tensioned and secured asdescribed in steps 1316-1322 of FIG. 13A.

With the incision closed and slight tension applied to the pneumostomyinstrument, the removal of air through the chest tube will be sufficientto reinflate the lung. The patient is then monitored to ensure that thelung inflates. A chest tube is inserted or maintained as necessary untilit is clear that there is no leakage of air into the pleural cavity. Airflow though the pneumostomy instrument is also monitored. Healing of thepneumostoma is monitored (step 1354) and the pneumostomy instrument isremoved when the physician believes the pneumostoma is sufficientlystable to tolerate the removal of the instrument (see FIG. 13C).

Removal of Pneumostomy Instrument

When the physician considers that the pneumostoma has healed adequately,the pneumostomy instrument is removed and the pneumostoma is inspected.The physician will then verify the size of the pneumostoma and provide apneumostoma management device (PMD) of the appropriate size. Removal ofthe pneumostomy instrument requires that the expanding basket becollapsed to the low profile configuration.

Referring next to FIG. 13C which shows the steps (1360) for removal ofthe pneumostomy instrument 1000. The surgeon should first assess thehealing and stability of the pneumostoma (step 1362). The pneumostomyinstrument should not be removed until the pneumostoma is sufficientlyhealed to tolerate the removal procedure. The patient is prepared (step1364). A local anesthesia may be applied and a sedative provided. Achest tube should be available in case removal of the pneumostomyinstrument causes leakage of air into the pleural cavity. Thepneumostomy instrument is first released from the flange and/orinstrument support (step 1366). The flange and/or support are thenreleased from the chest of the patient (step 1368) providing access toinspect and clean the stoma. The Tuohy is opened to release the stopwhich secured the expanding basket in the expanded position (step 1370).A mandrel is then inserted into the pneumostomy instrument causing theexpanding basket (within the lung) to collapse to a low profileconfiguration (step 1372). The pneumostomy instrument is then withdrawnfrom the pneumostoma (step 1374). The pneumostoma should be quicklyassessed (step 1376). A pneumostoma management device should then beinserted into the pneumostoma to preserve patency during the continuedhealing period (step 1378). The patient should be observed to ensurethat the procedure has not caused leakage of air into the pleuralcavity. If leakage occurs a chest tube should be inserted into thepleural cavity (at another site) until the air leakage is resolved. Thepatient will be provided with standard postoperative care transitioningto outpatient care and continued pulmonary rehabilitation step 1380).The first pneumostoma management device will typically be left in placetill the first outpatient visit to a physician. At the first outpatientvisit, the first pneumostoma management device will be removed, thepneumostoma inspected again. The physician or more typically the patientunder the physician's direction will then insert the next PMD. The PMD'swill thereafter be exchanged by the patient or a caregiver on a regularbasis and/or as needed.

Materials

In preferred embodiments, the pneumostomy instruments and PMD are formedfrom biocompatible polymers or biocompatible metals. In a particularembodiment pneumostomy catheter 300 and PMD 800 are made from PEBAX,polypropylene and ABS. The balloon of the pneumostomy catheter 300 ispreferably made of polyurethane or the equivalent In a preferredembodiment, pneumostomy instrument 1000 is made from C-FLEX®thermoplastic elastomer manufactured by Saint-Gobain PerformancePlastics in Clearwater, Fla. A patient will typically have pneumostomycatheter implanted for from one to two weeks depending upon the timerequired for the pneumostoma to heal and form and thus the materials,particularly of pneumostomy catheter 300, should meet high standards forbiocompatibility. In general, preferred materials for manufacturing apneumostomy instrument or PMD are biocompatible thermoplastic elastomersthat are readily utilized in injection molding and extrusion processing.As will be appreciated, other suitable similarly biocompatiblethermoplastic or thermoplastic polymer materials can be used withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention. Biocompatible polymers formanufacturing PMD may be selected from the group consisting ofpolyethylenes (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylates (polyethylacrylate and polymethyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate,polymethyl-coethyl acrylate, ethylene/ethyl acrylate), polycarbonateurethane (BIONATEG), polysiloxanes (silicones), polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE, GORE-TEX®, ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, aliphaticpolyesters, ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer), polyketones(polyaryletheretherketone, polyetheretherketone,polyetherether-ketoneketone, polyether-ketoneetherketoneketonepolyetherketone), polyether block amides (PEBAX, PEBA), polyamides(polyamideimide, PA-11, PA-12, PA-46, PA-66), polyetherimide, polyethersulfone, poly(iso)butylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride,polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polybutylene terephthalate,polyphosphazenes, nylon, polypropylene, polybutester, nylon andpolyester, polymer foams (from carbonates, styrene, for example) as wellas the copolymers and blends of the classes listed and/or the class ofthermoplastics and elastomers in general. Reference to appropriatepolymers that can be used for manufacturing a pneumostomy instrument orPMD can be found in the following documents: PCT Publication WO02/02158, entitled “Bio-Compatible Polymeric Materials;” PCT PublicationWO 02/00275, entitled “Bio-Compatible Polymeric Materials;” and, PCTPublication WO 02/00270, entitled “Bio-Compatible Polymeric Materials”all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Other suitablematerials for the manufacture of the pneumostomy instrument or PMDinclude medical grade inorganic materials such stainless steel,titanium, ceramics and coated materials.

Additionally, components of the PMD and/or pneumostomy instrument thatare in contact with the pneumostoma before or after healing may bedesigned to deliver a pharmaceutically-active substance. For purposes ofthe present disclosure, an “active pharmaceutical substance” is anactive ingredient of vegetable, animal or synthetic origin which is usedin a suitable dosage as a therapeutic agent for influencing conditionsor functions of the body, as a replacement for active ingredientsnaturally produced by the human or animal body and to eliminate orneutralize disease pathogens or exogenous substances. The release of thesubstance in the pneumostoma has an effect on the course of healingand/or counteracts pathological changes in the tissue due to thepresence of the temporarily implanted medical devices. In particular, itis desirable in some embodiments to coat or impregnate the PMD withpharmaceutically-active substances that preserve the patency ofpneumostoma and/or are antimicrobial in nature but that do not undulyirritate the tissues of the pneumostoma. In particular, it is alsodesirable in some embodiments to coat or impregnate the pneumostomainstrument with pharmaceutically-active substances that aid pleurodesis,healing and/or epithelialization of the pneumostoma and/or areantimicrobial in nature but that do not unduly irritate the tissues ofthe pneumostoma.

In particular cases, suitable pharmaceutically-active substances mayhave an anti-inflammatory and/or antiproliferative and/or spasmolyticand/or endothelium-forming effect, so that the functionality of thepneumostoma is maintained. Suitable pharmaceutically-active substancesinclude: anti-proliferative/antimitotic agents including naturalproducts such as vinca alkaloids (i.e. vinblastine, vincristine, andvinorelbine), paclitaxel, epidipodophyllotoxins (i.e. etoposide,teniposide), antibiotics (dactinomycin (actinomycin D) daunorubicin,doxorubicin and idarubicin), anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins,plicamycin (mithramycin) and mitomycin, enzymes (L-asparaginase whichsystemically metabolizes L-asparagine and deprives cells which do nothave the capacity to synthesize their own asparagine); antiplateletagents such as G(GP) llb/llla inhibitors and vitronectin receptorantagonists; anti-proliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents such asnitrogen mustards (mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide and analogs,melphalan, chlorambucil), ethylenimines and methylmelamines(hexamethylmelamine and thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates-busulfan,nirtosoureas (carmustine (BCNU) and analogs, streptozocin),trazenes-dacarbazinine (DTIC); anti-proliferative/antimitoticantimetabolites such as folic acid analogs (methotrexate), pyrimidineanalogs (fluorouracil, floxuridine, and cytarabine), purine analogs andrelated inhibitors (mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin and2-chlorodeoxyadenosine {cladribine}); platinum coordination complexes(cisplatin, carboplatin), procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane,aminoglutethimide; hormones (i.e. estrogen); anti-coagulants (heparin,synthetic heparin salts and other inhibitors of thrombin); fibrinolyticagents (such as tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase andurokinase), aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, abciximab;antimigratory; antisecretory (breveldin); anti-inflammatory: such asadrenocortical steroids (cortisol, cortisone, fludrocortisone,prednisone, prednisolone, 6a-methylprednisolone, triamcinolone,betamethasone, and dexamethasone), non-steroidal agents (salicylic acidderivatives i.e. aspirin; para-aminophenol derivatives i.e.acetaminophen; indole and indene acetic acids (inaperturethacin,sulindac, and etodalac), heteroaryl acetic acids (tolmetin, diclofenac,and ketorolac), arylpropionic acids (ibuprofen and derivatives),anthranilic acids (mefenamic acid, and meclofenamic acid), enolic acids(piroxicam, tenoxicam, phenylbutazone, and oxyphenthatrazone),nabumetone, gold compounds (auranofin, aurothioglucose, gold sodiumthiomalate); immunosuppressives: (cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK-506),sirolimus (rapamycin), azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil); angiogenicagents: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growthfactor (FGF); angiotensin receptor blockers; nitric oxide donors;antisense oligionucleotides and combinations thereof, cell cycleinhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, and growth factor receptor signaltransduction kinase inhibitors; retenoids; cyclin/CDK inhibitors; HMGco-enzyme reductase inhibitors (statins); silver compound and proteaseinhibitors.

In some embodiments, the active pharmaceutical substance is selectedfrom the group consisting of amino acids, anabolics, analgesics andantagonists, anaesthetics, anti-adrenergic agents, anti-asthmatics,anti-atherosclerotics, antibacterials, anticholesterolics,anti-coagulants, antidepressants, antidotes, anti-emetics,anti-epileptic drugs, anti-fibrinolytics, anti-inflammatory agents,antihypertensives, antimetabolites, antimigraine agents, antimycotics,antinauseants, antineoplastics, anti-obesity agents, antiprotozoals,antipsychotics, antirheumatics, antiseptics, antivertigo agents,antivirals, appetite stimulants, bacterial vaccines, bioflavonoids,calcium channel blockers, capillary stabilizing agents, coagulants,corticosteroids, detoxifying agents for cytostatic treatment, diagnosticagents (like contrast media, radiopaque agents and radioisotopes),electrolytes, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, ferments, ferment inhibitors,gangliosides and ganglioside derivatives, hemostatics, hormones, hormoneantagonists, hypnotics, immunomodulators, immunostimulants,immunosuppressants, minerals, muscle relaxants, neuromodulators,neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, osmotic diuretics,parasympatholytics, para-sympathomimetics, peptides, proteins,psychostimulants, respiratory stimulants, sedatives, serum lipidreducing agents, smooth muscle relaxants, sympatholytics,sympathomimetics, vasodilators, vasoprotectives, vectors for genetherapy, viral vaccines, viruses, vitamins, oligonucleotides andderivatives, saccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, hyaluronicacid, and any excipient that can be used to stabilize a proteinaceoustherapeutic.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the presentinvention has been provided for the purposes of illustration anddescription. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise forms disclosed. Many embodiments were chosenand described in order to best explain the principles of the inventionand its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in theart to understand the invention for various embodiments and with variousmodifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated. It isintended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims andtheir equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pneumostomy procedure used to create a pneumostoma through a chest wall, parietal membrane and visceral membrane into a lung of a patient, wherein the pneumostomy procedure comprises: (a) creating an opening through the chest wall and parietal membrane; (b) engaging the visceral membrane of the lung; (c) securing the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane adjacent the opening; (d) making another opening through the visceral membrane; (e) inserting a distal end of a pneumostomy catheter through the another opening into parenchymal tissue of the lung; (f) expanding an expandable device at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter to displace parenchymal tissue of the lung and secure the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter within the lung; (g) securing the pneumostomy catheter to the chest wall of the patient; (h) leaving the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter embedded in the parenchymal tissue to create the pneumostoma; (i) collapsing the expandable device at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter; (j) removing the pneumostomy catheter from the patient after formation of the pneumostoma, wherein the pneumostoma includes an artificial channel connecting a cavity in the parenchymal tissue created by the pneumostomy catheter to the air external to the patient's body; (k) inserting a pneumostoma management device into the pneumostoma to protect the pneumostoma and maintain patency of the pneumostoma, wherein the pneumostoma management device has a different structure than the pneumostomy catheter; and (l) wherein an airtight pleurodesis seal between the visceral and parietal membranes is not formed prior to performing (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g), thereby allowing the lung to deflate during the procedure resulting in a temporary pneumothorax.
 2. The pneumostomy procedure of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises implanting one or more fasteners to secure the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane adjacent the opening.
 3. The pneumostomy procedure of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises securing the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane adjacent the opening by implanting one or more fasteners wherein the fasteners comprise one or more fasteners from the group consisting of: staples, clips, tacks and sutures.
 4. The pneumostomy procedure of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises suturing the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane adjacent the opening.
 5. The pneumostomy procedure of claim 1, wherein the expandable device at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter is a balloon which is connected by a tube to a coupling at the proximal end of the pneumostomy catheter and wherein step (f) comprises: operating a syringe connected at the proximal end of the pneumostomy catheter to introduce a fluid through the tube into the balloon; and thereby expanding the balloon at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter to displace parenchymal tissue of the lung and secure the pneumostomy catheter within the lung.
 6. The pneumostomy procedure of claim 1, wherein step (g) comprises: (g1) applying tension to the pneumostomy catheter after step (f) to draw the lung towards the opening; and (g2) securing the pneumostomy catheter to the chest wall of the patient thereby stabilizing the opening during healing of the pneumostoma.
 7. The pneumostomy procedure of claim 1 wherein step (c) include using an automatic suture device to secure the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane.
 8. A surgical technique used to create a pneumostoma through a chest wall, parietal membrane and visceral membrane into a lung of a patient, wherein the following steps are performed in a single surgical procedure: (a) accessing a pleural cavity through an opening in the chest wall; (b) engaging the visceral membrane of the lung; (c) inserting a distal end of a pneumostomy catheter into the lung through the visceral membrane; (d) expanding an expandable device at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter to displace parenchymal tissue of the lung and secure the pneumostomy catheter within the lung; (e) securing the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane adjacent the opening in the chest wall; (f) securing a proximal end of the pneumostomy catheter to the chest wall of the patient; (g) leaving the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter embedded in the parenchymal tissue to create the pneumostoma; (h) collapsing the expandable device at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter; (i) removing the pneumostomy catheter from the patient after formation of the pneumostoma, wherein the pneumostoma includes an artificial channel connecting a cavity in the parenchymal tissue created by the pneumostomy catheter to the air external to the patient's body; (j) inserting a pneumostoma management device into the pneumostoma to protect the pneumostoma and maintain patency of the pneumostoma, wherein the pneumostoma management device has a different structure than the pneumostomy catheter; and (k) wherein an airtight pleurodesis seal between the visceral and parietal membranes is not formed prior to performance (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f), thereby allowing the lung to deflate during the procedure resulting in a temporary pneumothorax.
 9. The surgical technique of claim 8, wherein step (e) further comprises implanting one or more fasteners to secure the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane adjacent the opening.
 10. The surgical technique of claim 8, wherein step (e) further comprises implanting one or more fasteners around the opening to secure the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane wherein the fasteners comprise one or more fasteners from the group consisting of: staples, clips, tacks and sutures.
 11. The surgical technique of claim 8, wherein the expandable device at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter is a balloon which is connected by a tube to a coupling at the proximal end of the pneumostomy catheter and wherein step (d) comprises: operating a syringe connected at the proximal end of the pneumostomy catheter; the syringe to introduce a fluid through the tube into the balloon; and thereby expanding the balloon at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter to displace parenchymal tissue of the lung and secure the pneumostomy catheter within the lung.
 12. The surgical technique of claim 8, wherein step (e) comprises: (e1) applying tension to the pneumostomy catheter after step (d) to draw the lung towards the opening; and (e2) securing the pneumostomy catheter to the chest wall of the patient thereby stabilizing the opening during healing of the pneumostoma.
 13. The surgical technique of claim 8, wherein step (e) includes treating a localized region of said at least one of the parietal and visceral membranes of the lung of the patient with an adhesive to induce acute adhesion between the parietal membrane and the visceral membrane and wherein the adhesive induces the acute adhesion with a few minutes of application.
 14. The pneumostomy procedure of claim 8 wherein step (e) include using an automatic suture device to secure the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane.
 15. A surgical technique used to create a pneumostoma through a chest wall, parietal membrane and visceral membrane into a lung of a patient comprising the steps of: (a) accessing a pleural cavity through an opening in the chest wall; (b) engaging the visceral membrane of the lung; (c) inserting a distal end of a pneumostomy catheter into the lung through the visceral membrane such that the distal end is positioned within and in contact with parenchymal tissue of the lung; (d) expanding an expandable device at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter within the parenchymal tissue of the lung to displace parenchymal tissue of the lung and create a cavity within the parenchymal tissue of the lung and secure the pneumostomy catheter within the lung; (e) securing the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane adjacent the opening in the chest wall; (f) securing a proximal end of the pneumostomy catheter to the chest wall of the patient; (g) leaving the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter embedded in the parenchymal tissue to create the pneumostoma; (h) collapsing the expandable device at the distal end of the pneumostomy catheter; (i) removing the pneumostomy catheter from the patient after formation of the pneumostoma, wherein the pneumostoma includes an artificial channel connecting the cavity in the parenchymal tissue created by the pneumostomy catheter to the air external to the patient's body; (j) inserting a pneumostoma management device into the pneumostoma to protect the pneumostoma and maintain patency of the pneumostoma, wherein the pneumostoma management device has a different structure than the pneumostomy catheter; and (k) wherein an airtight pleurodesis seal between the visceral and parietal membranes is not formed prior to performing (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f), thereby allowing the lung to deflate during the procedure resulting in a temporary pneumothorax.
 16. The surgical technique of claim 15 wherein steps (a) through (f) are performed in a single surgical procedure.
 17. The surgical technique of claim 15, wherein step (e) further comprises implanting one or more fasteners around the opening to secure the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane wherein the fasteners comprise one or more fasteners from the group consisting of: staples, clips, tacks and sutures.
 18. The surgical technique of claim 15, wherein step (e) comprises: (e1) applying tension to the pneumostomy catheter after step (d) to draw the lung towards the opening; and (e2) securing the pneumostomy catheter to the chest wall of the patient thereby stabilizing the opening during healing of the pneumostoma.
 19. The surgical technique of claim 15, wherein step (e) includes treating a localized region of said at least one of the parietal and visceral membranes of the lung of the patient with an adhesive to induce acute adhesion between the parietal membrane and the visceral membrane and wherein the adhesive induces the acute adhesion with a few minutes of application.
 20. The surgical technique of claim 15 wherein step (e) includes using an automatic suture device to secure the visceral membrane to the parietal membrane. 